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Vaccinia virus Transmission through Experimentally Contaminated Milk Using a Murine Model
Bovine vaccinia (BV) is a zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), which affects dairy cattle and humans. Previous studies have detected the presence of viable virus particles in bovine milk samples naturally and experimentally contaminated with VACV. However, it is not known whether milk contamina...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4441451/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26000966 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127350 |
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author | Rehfeld, Izabelle Silva Guedes, Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho Fraiha, Ana Luiza Soares Costa, Aristóteles Gomes Matos, Ana Carolina Diniz Fiúza, Aparecida Tatiane Lino Lobato, Zélia Inês Portela |
author_facet | Rehfeld, Izabelle Silva Guedes, Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho Fraiha, Ana Luiza Soares Costa, Aristóteles Gomes Matos, Ana Carolina Diniz Fiúza, Aparecida Tatiane Lino Lobato, Zélia Inês Portela |
author_sort | Rehfeld, Izabelle Silva |
collection | PubMed |
description | Bovine vaccinia (BV) is a zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), which affects dairy cattle and humans. Previous studies have detected the presence of viable virus particles in bovine milk samples naturally and experimentally contaminated with VACV. However, it is not known whether milk contaminated with VACV could be a route of viral transmission. However, anti-Orthopoxvirus antibodies were detected in humans from BV endemic areas, whom had no contact with affected cows, which suggest that other VACV transmission routes are possible, such as consumption of contaminated milk and dairy products. Therefore, it is important to study the possibility of VACV transmission by contaminated milk. This study aimed to examine VACV transmission, pathogenesis and shedding in mice orally inoculated with experimentally contaminated milk. Thirty mice were orally inoculated with milk containing 10(7) PFU/ml of VACV, and ten mice were orally inoculated with uncontaminated milk. Clinical examinations were performed for 30 consecutive days, and fecal samples and oral swabs (OSs) were collected every other day. Mice were euthanized on predetermined days, and tissue and blood samples were collected. Nested-PCR, plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), viral isolation, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods were performed on the collected samples. No clinical changes were observed in the animals. Viral DNA was detected in feces, blood, OSs and tissues, at least in one of the times tested. The lungs displayed moderate to severe interstitial lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, and only the heart, tonsils, tongue, and stomach did not show immunostaining at the IHC analysis. Neutralizing antibodies were detected at the 20(th) and 30(th) days post infection in 50% of infected mice. The results revealed that VACV contaminated milk could be a route of viral transmission in mice experimentally infected, showing systemic distribution and shedding through feces and oral mucosa, albeit without exhibiting any clinical signs. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4441451 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-44414512015-05-28 Vaccinia virus Transmission through Experimentally Contaminated Milk Using a Murine Model Rehfeld, Izabelle Silva Guedes, Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho Fraiha, Ana Luiza Soares Costa, Aristóteles Gomes Matos, Ana Carolina Diniz Fiúza, Aparecida Tatiane Lino Lobato, Zélia Inês Portela PLoS One Research Article Bovine vaccinia (BV) is a zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), which affects dairy cattle and humans. Previous studies have detected the presence of viable virus particles in bovine milk samples naturally and experimentally contaminated with VACV. However, it is not known whether milk contaminated with VACV could be a route of viral transmission. However, anti-Orthopoxvirus antibodies were detected in humans from BV endemic areas, whom had no contact with affected cows, which suggest that other VACV transmission routes are possible, such as consumption of contaminated milk and dairy products. Therefore, it is important to study the possibility of VACV transmission by contaminated milk. This study aimed to examine VACV transmission, pathogenesis and shedding in mice orally inoculated with experimentally contaminated milk. Thirty mice were orally inoculated with milk containing 10(7) PFU/ml of VACV, and ten mice were orally inoculated with uncontaminated milk. Clinical examinations were performed for 30 consecutive days, and fecal samples and oral swabs (OSs) were collected every other day. Mice were euthanized on predetermined days, and tissue and blood samples were collected. Nested-PCR, plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), viral isolation, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods were performed on the collected samples. No clinical changes were observed in the animals. Viral DNA was detected in feces, blood, OSs and tissues, at least in one of the times tested. The lungs displayed moderate to severe interstitial lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, and only the heart, tonsils, tongue, and stomach did not show immunostaining at the IHC analysis. Neutralizing antibodies were detected at the 20(th) and 30(th) days post infection in 50% of infected mice. The results revealed that VACV contaminated milk could be a route of viral transmission in mice experimentally infected, showing systemic distribution and shedding through feces and oral mucosa, albeit without exhibiting any clinical signs. Public Library of Science 2015-05-22 /pmc/articles/PMC4441451/ /pubmed/26000966 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127350 Text en © 2015 Rehfeld et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Rehfeld, Izabelle Silva Guedes, Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho Fraiha, Ana Luiza Soares Costa, Aristóteles Gomes Matos, Ana Carolina Diniz Fiúza, Aparecida Tatiane Lino Lobato, Zélia Inês Portela Vaccinia virus Transmission through Experimentally Contaminated Milk Using a Murine Model |
title |
Vaccinia virus Transmission through Experimentally Contaminated Milk Using a Murine Model |
title_full |
Vaccinia virus Transmission through Experimentally Contaminated Milk Using a Murine Model |
title_fullStr |
Vaccinia virus Transmission through Experimentally Contaminated Milk Using a Murine Model |
title_full_unstemmed |
Vaccinia virus Transmission through Experimentally Contaminated Milk Using a Murine Model |
title_short |
Vaccinia virus Transmission through Experimentally Contaminated Milk Using a Murine Model |
title_sort | vaccinia virus transmission through experimentally contaminated milk using a murine model |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4441451/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26000966 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127350 |
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