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What predicts performance in ultra-triathlon races? – a comparison between Ironman distance triathlon and ultra-triathlon
OBJECTIVE: This narrative review summarizes recent intentions to find potential predictor variables for ultra-triathlon race performance (ie, triathlon races longer than the Ironman distance covering 3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling, and 42.195 km running). Results from studies on ultra-triathletes w...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Dove Medical Press
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4445872/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26056498 http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S79273 |
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author | Knechtle, Beat Zingg, Matthias Alexander Rosemann, Thomas Stiefel, Michael Rüst, Christoph Alexander |
author_facet | Knechtle, Beat Zingg, Matthias Alexander Rosemann, Thomas Stiefel, Michael Rüst, Christoph Alexander |
author_sort | Knechtle, Beat |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVE: This narrative review summarizes recent intentions to find potential predictor variables for ultra-triathlon race performance (ie, triathlon races longer than the Ironman distance covering 3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling, and 42.195 km running). Results from studies on ultra-triathletes were compared to results on studies on Ironman triathletes. METHODS: A literature search was performed in PubMed using the terms “ultra”, “triathlon”, and “performance” for the aspects of “ultra-triathlon”, and “Ironman”, “triathlon”, and “performance” for the aspects of “Ironman triathlon”. All resulting papers were searched for related citations. Results for ultra-triathlons were compared to results for Ironman-distance triathlons to find potential differences. RESULTS: Athletes competing in Ironman and ultra-triathlon differed in anthropometric and training characteristics, where both Ironmen and ultra-triathletes profited from low body fat, but ultra-triathletes relied more on training volume, whereas speed during training was related to Ironman race time. The most important predictive variables for a fast race time in an ultra-triathlon from Double Iron (ie, 7.6 km swimming, 360 km cycling, and 84.4 km running) and longer were male sex, low body fat, age of 35–40 years, extensive previous experience, a fast time in cycling and running but not in swimming, and origins in Central Europe. CONCLUSION: Any athlete intending to compete in an ultra-triathlon should be aware that low body fat and high training volumes are highly predictive for overall race time. Little is known about the physiological characteristics of these athletes and about female ultra-triathletes. Future studies need to investigate anthropometric and training characteristics of female ultra-triathletes and what motivates women to compete in these races. Future studies need to correlate physiological characteristics such as maximum oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) with ultra-triathlon race performance in order to investigate whether these characteristics are also predictive for ultra-triathlon race performance. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4445872 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | Dove Medical Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-44458722015-06-08 What predicts performance in ultra-triathlon races? – a comparison between Ironman distance triathlon and ultra-triathlon Knechtle, Beat Zingg, Matthias Alexander Rosemann, Thomas Stiefel, Michael Rüst, Christoph Alexander Open Access J Sports Med Review OBJECTIVE: This narrative review summarizes recent intentions to find potential predictor variables for ultra-triathlon race performance (ie, triathlon races longer than the Ironman distance covering 3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling, and 42.195 km running). Results from studies on ultra-triathletes were compared to results on studies on Ironman triathletes. METHODS: A literature search was performed in PubMed using the terms “ultra”, “triathlon”, and “performance” for the aspects of “ultra-triathlon”, and “Ironman”, “triathlon”, and “performance” for the aspects of “Ironman triathlon”. All resulting papers were searched for related citations. Results for ultra-triathlons were compared to results for Ironman-distance triathlons to find potential differences. RESULTS: Athletes competing in Ironman and ultra-triathlon differed in anthropometric and training characteristics, where both Ironmen and ultra-triathletes profited from low body fat, but ultra-triathletes relied more on training volume, whereas speed during training was related to Ironman race time. The most important predictive variables for a fast race time in an ultra-triathlon from Double Iron (ie, 7.6 km swimming, 360 km cycling, and 84.4 km running) and longer were male sex, low body fat, age of 35–40 years, extensive previous experience, a fast time in cycling and running but not in swimming, and origins in Central Europe. CONCLUSION: Any athlete intending to compete in an ultra-triathlon should be aware that low body fat and high training volumes are highly predictive for overall race time. Little is known about the physiological characteristics of these athletes and about female ultra-triathletes. Future studies need to investigate anthropometric and training characteristics of female ultra-triathletes and what motivates women to compete in these races. Future studies need to correlate physiological characteristics such as maximum oxygen uptake (VO(2max)) with ultra-triathlon race performance in order to investigate whether these characteristics are also predictive for ultra-triathlon race performance. Dove Medical Press 2015-05-18 /pmc/articles/PMC4445872/ /pubmed/26056498 http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S79273 Text en © 2015 Knechtle et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. |
spellingShingle | Review Knechtle, Beat Zingg, Matthias Alexander Rosemann, Thomas Stiefel, Michael Rüst, Christoph Alexander What predicts performance in ultra-triathlon races? – a comparison between Ironman distance triathlon and ultra-triathlon |
title | What predicts performance in ultra-triathlon races? – a comparison between Ironman distance triathlon and ultra-triathlon |
title_full | What predicts performance in ultra-triathlon races? – a comparison between Ironman distance triathlon and ultra-triathlon |
title_fullStr | What predicts performance in ultra-triathlon races? – a comparison between Ironman distance triathlon and ultra-triathlon |
title_full_unstemmed | What predicts performance in ultra-triathlon races? – a comparison between Ironman distance triathlon and ultra-triathlon |
title_short | What predicts performance in ultra-triathlon races? – a comparison between Ironman distance triathlon and ultra-triathlon |
title_sort | what predicts performance in ultra-triathlon races? – a comparison between ironman distance triathlon and ultra-triathlon |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4445872/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26056498 http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S79273 |
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