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Bioactive Components in Fish Venoms

Animal venoms are widely recognized excellent resources for the discovery of novel drug leads and physiological tools. Most are comprised of a large number of components, of which the enzymes, small peptides, and proteins are studied for their important bioactivities. However, in spite of there bein...

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Autores principales: Ziegman, Rebekah, Alewood, Paul
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4448160/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25941767
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins7051497
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author Ziegman, Rebekah
Alewood, Paul
author_facet Ziegman, Rebekah
Alewood, Paul
author_sort Ziegman, Rebekah
collection PubMed
description Animal venoms are widely recognized excellent resources for the discovery of novel drug leads and physiological tools. Most are comprised of a large number of components, of which the enzymes, small peptides, and proteins are studied for their important bioactivities. However, in spite of there being over 2000 venomous fish species, piscine venoms have been relatively underrepresented in the literature thus far. Most studies have explored whole or partially fractioned venom, revealing broad pharmacology, which includes cardiovascular, neuromuscular, cytotoxic, inflammatory, and nociceptive activities. Several large proteinaceous toxins, such as stonustoxin, verrucotoxin, and Sp-CTx, have been isolated from scorpaenoid fish. These form pores in cell membranes, resulting in cell death and creating a cascade of reactions that result in many, but not all, of the physiological symptoms observed from envenomation. Additionally, Natterins, a novel family of toxins possessing kininogenase activity have been found in toadfish venom. A variety of smaller protein toxins, as well as a small number of peptides, enzymes, and non-proteinaceous molecules have also been isolated from a range of fish venoms, but most remain poorly characterized. Many other bioactive fish venom components remain to be discovered and investigated. These represent an untapped treasure of potentially useful molecules.
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spelling pubmed-44481602015-06-01 Bioactive Components in Fish Venoms Ziegman, Rebekah Alewood, Paul Toxins (Basel) Review Animal venoms are widely recognized excellent resources for the discovery of novel drug leads and physiological tools. Most are comprised of a large number of components, of which the enzymes, small peptides, and proteins are studied for their important bioactivities. However, in spite of there being over 2000 venomous fish species, piscine venoms have been relatively underrepresented in the literature thus far. Most studies have explored whole or partially fractioned venom, revealing broad pharmacology, which includes cardiovascular, neuromuscular, cytotoxic, inflammatory, and nociceptive activities. Several large proteinaceous toxins, such as stonustoxin, verrucotoxin, and Sp-CTx, have been isolated from scorpaenoid fish. These form pores in cell membranes, resulting in cell death and creating a cascade of reactions that result in many, but not all, of the physiological symptoms observed from envenomation. Additionally, Natterins, a novel family of toxins possessing kininogenase activity have been found in toadfish venom. A variety of smaller protein toxins, as well as a small number of peptides, enzymes, and non-proteinaceous molecules have also been isolated from a range of fish venoms, but most remain poorly characterized. Many other bioactive fish venom components remain to be discovered and investigated. These represent an untapped treasure of potentially useful molecules. MDPI 2015-04-30 /pmc/articles/PMC4448160/ /pubmed/25941767 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins7051497 Text en © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Ziegman, Rebekah
Alewood, Paul
Bioactive Components in Fish Venoms
title Bioactive Components in Fish Venoms
title_full Bioactive Components in Fish Venoms
title_fullStr Bioactive Components in Fish Venoms
title_full_unstemmed Bioactive Components in Fish Venoms
title_short Bioactive Components in Fish Venoms
title_sort bioactive components in fish venoms
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4448160/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25941767
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins7051497
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