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Arsenic Exposure and Prevalence of the Varicella Zoster Virus in the United States: NHANES (2003–2004 and 2009–2010)
BACKGROUND: Arsenic is an immunotoxicant. Clinical reports observe the reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV) in people who have recovered from arsenic poisoning and in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia that have been treated with arsenic trioxide. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the associat...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
NLM-Export
2015
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4455594/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25636148 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408731 |
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author | Cardenas, Andres Smit, Ellen Houseman, E. Andres Kerkvliet, Nancy I. Bethel, Jeffrey W. Kile, Molly L. |
author_facet | Cardenas, Andres Smit, Ellen Houseman, E. Andres Kerkvliet, Nancy I. Bethel, Jeffrey W. Kile, Molly L. |
author_sort | Cardenas, Andres |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Arsenic is an immunotoxicant. Clinical reports observe the reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV) in people who have recovered from arsenic poisoning and in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia that have been treated with arsenic trioxide. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the association between arsenic and the seroprevalence of VZV IgG antibody in a representative sample of the U.S. population. METHODS: We analyzed data from 3,348 participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004 and 2009–2010 pooled survey cycles. Participants were eligible if they were 6–49 years of age with information on both VZV IgG and urinary arsenic concentrations. We used two measures of total urinary arsenic (TUA): TUA1 was defined as the sum of arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid, and TUA2 was defined as total urinary arsenic minus arsenobetaine and arsenocholine. RESULTS: The overall weighted seronegative prevalence of VZV was 2.2% for the pooled NHANES sample. The geometric means of TUA1 and TUA2 were 6.57 μg/L and 5.64 μg/L, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, race, income, creatinine, and survey cycle, odds ratios for a negative VZV IgG result in association with 1-unit increases in natural log-transformed (ln)-TUA1 and ln-TUA2 were 1.87 (95% CI: 1.03, 3.44) and 1.40 (95% CI: 1.0, 1.97), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this cross-sectional analysis, urinary arsenic was inversely associated with VZV IgG seroprevalence in the U.S. population. This finding is in accordance with clinical observations of zoster virus reactivation from high doses of arsenic. Additional studies are needed to confirm the association and evaluate causal mechanisms. CITATION: Cardenas A, Smit E, Houseman EA, Kerkvliet NI, Bethel JW, Kile ML. 2015. Arsenic exposure and prevalence of the varicella zoster virus in the United States: NHANES (2003–2004 and 2009–2010). Environ Health Perspect 123:590–596; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408731 |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4455594 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | NLM-Export |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-44555942015-06-09 Arsenic Exposure and Prevalence of the Varicella Zoster Virus in the United States: NHANES (2003–2004 and 2009–2010) Cardenas, Andres Smit, Ellen Houseman, E. Andres Kerkvliet, Nancy I. Bethel, Jeffrey W. Kile, Molly L. Environ Health Perspect Research BACKGROUND: Arsenic is an immunotoxicant. Clinical reports observe the reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV) in people who have recovered from arsenic poisoning and in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia that have been treated with arsenic trioxide. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the association between arsenic and the seroprevalence of VZV IgG antibody in a representative sample of the U.S. population. METHODS: We analyzed data from 3,348 participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004 and 2009–2010 pooled survey cycles. Participants were eligible if they were 6–49 years of age with information on both VZV IgG and urinary arsenic concentrations. We used two measures of total urinary arsenic (TUA): TUA1 was defined as the sum of arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid, and TUA2 was defined as total urinary arsenic minus arsenobetaine and arsenocholine. RESULTS: The overall weighted seronegative prevalence of VZV was 2.2% for the pooled NHANES sample. The geometric means of TUA1 and TUA2 were 6.57 μg/L and 5.64 μg/L, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, race, income, creatinine, and survey cycle, odds ratios for a negative VZV IgG result in association with 1-unit increases in natural log-transformed (ln)-TUA1 and ln-TUA2 were 1.87 (95% CI: 1.03, 3.44) and 1.40 (95% CI: 1.0, 1.97), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this cross-sectional analysis, urinary arsenic was inversely associated with VZV IgG seroprevalence in the U.S. population. This finding is in accordance with clinical observations of zoster virus reactivation from high doses of arsenic. Additional studies are needed to confirm the association and evaluate causal mechanisms. CITATION: Cardenas A, Smit E, Houseman EA, Kerkvliet NI, Bethel JW, Kile ML. 2015. Arsenic exposure and prevalence of the varicella zoster virus in the United States: NHANES (2003–2004 and 2009–2010). Environ Health Perspect 123:590–596; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408731 NLM-Export 2015-01-30 2015-06 /pmc/articles/PMC4455594/ /pubmed/25636148 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408731 Text en http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from EHP may be reprinted freely. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, “Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives”); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. Articles from EHP, especially the News section, may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright. |
spellingShingle | Research Cardenas, Andres Smit, Ellen Houseman, E. Andres Kerkvliet, Nancy I. Bethel, Jeffrey W. Kile, Molly L. Arsenic Exposure and Prevalence of the Varicella Zoster Virus in the United States: NHANES (2003–2004 and 2009–2010) |
title | Arsenic Exposure and Prevalence of the Varicella Zoster Virus in the United States: NHANES (2003–2004 and 2009–2010) |
title_full | Arsenic Exposure and Prevalence of the Varicella Zoster Virus in the United States: NHANES (2003–2004 and 2009–2010) |
title_fullStr | Arsenic Exposure and Prevalence of the Varicella Zoster Virus in the United States: NHANES (2003–2004 and 2009–2010) |
title_full_unstemmed | Arsenic Exposure and Prevalence of the Varicella Zoster Virus in the United States: NHANES (2003–2004 and 2009–2010) |
title_short | Arsenic Exposure and Prevalence of the Varicella Zoster Virus in the United States: NHANES (2003–2004 and 2009–2010) |
title_sort | arsenic exposure and prevalence of the varicella zoster virus in the united states: nhanes (2003–2004 and 2009–2010) |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4455594/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25636148 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408731 |
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