Cargando…
Implicit Memory in Monkeys: Development of a Delay Eyeblink Conditioning System with Parallel Electromyographic and High-Speed Video Measurements
Delay eyeblink conditioning, a cerebellum-dependent learning paradigm, has been applied to various mammalian species but not yet to monkeys. We therefore developed an accurate measuring system that we believe is the first system suitable for delay eyeblink conditioning in a monkey species (Macaca mu...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2015
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4466547/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068663 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129828 |
_version_ | 1782376240156508160 |
---|---|
author | Kishimoto, Yasushi Yamamoto, Shigeyuki Suzuki, Kazutaka Toyoda, Haruyoshi Kano, Masanobu Tsukada, Hideo Kirino, Yutaka |
author_facet | Kishimoto, Yasushi Yamamoto, Shigeyuki Suzuki, Kazutaka Toyoda, Haruyoshi Kano, Masanobu Tsukada, Hideo Kirino, Yutaka |
author_sort | Kishimoto, Yasushi |
collection | PubMed |
description | Delay eyeblink conditioning, a cerebellum-dependent learning paradigm, has been applied to various mammalian species but not yet to monkeys. We therefore developed an accurate measuring system that we believe is the first system suitable for delay eyeblink conditioning in a monkey species (Macaca mulatta). Monkey eyeblinking was simultaneously monitored by orbicularis oculi electromyographic (OO-EMG) measurements and a high-speed camera-based tracking system built around a 1-kHz CMOS image sensor. A 1-kHz tone was the conditioned stimulus (CS), while an air puff (0.02 MPa) was the unconditioned stimulus. EMG analysis showed that the monkeys exhibited a conditioned response (CR) incidence of more than 60% of trials during the 5-day acquisition phase and an extinguished CR during the 2-day extinction phase. The camera system yielded similar results. Hence, we conclude that both methods are effective in evaluating monkey eyeblink conditioning. This system incorporating two different measuring principles enabled us to elucidate the relationship between the actual presence of eyelid closure and OO-EMG activity. An interesting finding permitted by the new system was that the monkeys frequently exhibited obvious CRs even when they produced visible facial signs of drowsiness or microsleep. Indeed, the probability of observing a CR in a given trial was not influenced by whether the monkeys closed their eyelids just before CS onset, suggesting that this memory could be expressed independently of wakefulness. This work presents a novel system for cognitive assessment in monkeys that will be useful for elucidating the neural mechanisms of implicit learning in nonhuman primates. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4466547 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-44665472015-06-22 Implicit Memory in Monkeys: Development of a Delay Eyeblink Conditioning System with Parallel Electromyographic and High-Speed Video Measurements Kishimoto, Yasushi Yamamoto, Shigeyuki Suzuki, Kazutaka Toyoda, Haruyoshi Kano, Masanobu Tsukada, Hideo Kirino, Yutaka PLoS One Research Article Delay eyeblink conditioning, a cerebellum-dependent learning paradigm, has been applied to various mammalian species but not yet to monkeys. We therefore developed an accurate measuring system that we believe is the first system suitable for delay eyeblink conditioning in a monkey species (Macaca mulatta). Monkey eyeblinking was simultaneously monitored by orbicularis oculi electromyographic (OO-EMG) measurements and a high-speed camera-based tracking system built around a 1-kHz CMOS image sensor. A 1-kHz tone was the conditioned stimulus (CS), while an air puff (0.02 MPa) was the unconditioned stimulus. EMG analysis showed that the monkeys exhibited a conditioned response (CR) incidence of more than 60% of trials during the 5-day acquisition phase and an extinguished CR during the 2-day extinction phase. The camera system yielded similar results. Hence, we conclude that both methods are effective in evaluating monkey eyeblink conditioning. This system incorporating two different measuring principles enabled us to elucidate the relationship between the actual presence of eyelid closure and OO-EMG activity. An interesting finding permitted by the new system was that the monkeys frequently exhibited obvious CRs even when they produced visible facial signs of drowsiness or microsleep. Indeed, the probability of observing a CR in a given trial was not influenced by whether the monkeys closed their eyelids just before CS onset, suggesting that this memory could be expressed independently of wakefulness. This work presents a novel system for cognitive assessment in monkeys that will be useful for elucidating the neural mechanisms of implicit learning in nonhuman primates. Public Library of Science 2015-06-12 /pmc/articles/PMC4466547/ /pubmed/26068663 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129828 Text en © 2015 Kishimoto et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Kishimoto, Yasushi Yamamoto, Shigeyuki Suzuki, Kazutaka Toyoda, Haruyoshi Kano, Masanobu Tsukada, Hideo Kirino, Yutaka Implicit Memory in Monkeys: Development of a Delay Eyeblink Conditioning System with Parallel Electromyographic and High-Speed Video Measurements |
title | Implicit Memory in Monkeys: Development of a Delay Eyeblink Conditioning System with Parallel Electromyographic and High-Speed Video Measurements |
title_full | Implicit Memory in Monkeys: Development of a Delay Eyeblink Conditioning System with Parallel Electromyographic and High-Speed Video Measurements |
title_fullStr | Implicit Memory in Monkeys: Development of a Delay Eyeblink Conditioning System with Parallel Electromyographic and High-Speed Video Measurements |
title_full_unstemmed | Implicit Memory in Monkeys: Development of a Delay Eyeblink Conditioning System with Parallel Electromyographic and High-Speed Video Measurements |
title_short | Implicit Memory in Monkeys: Development of a Delay Eyeblink Conditioning System with Parallel Electromyographic and High-Speed Video Measurements |
title_sort | implicit memory in monkeys: development of a delay eyeblink conditioning system with parallel electromyographic and high-speed video measurements |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4466547/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068663 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129828 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT kishimotoyasushi implicitmemoryinmonkeysdevelopmentofadelayeyeblinkconditioningsystemwithparallelelectromyographicandhighspeedvideomeasurements AT yamamotoshigeyuki implicitmemoryinmonkeysdevelopmentofadelayeyeblinkconditioningsystemwithparallelelectromyographicandhighspeedvideomeasurements AT suzukikazutaka implicitmemoryinmonkeysdevelopmentofadelayeyeblinkconditioningsystemwithparallelelectromyographicandhighspeedvideomeasurements AT toyodaharuyoshi implicitmemoryinmonkeysdevelopmentofadelayeyeblinkconditioningsystemwithparallelelectromyographicandhighspeedvideomeasurements AT kanomasanobu implicitmemoryinmonkeysdevelopmentofadelayeyeblinkconditioningsystemwithparallelelectromyographicandhighspeedvideomeasurements AT tsukadahideo implicitmemoryinmonkeysdevelopmentofadelayeyeblinkconditioningsystemwithparallelelectromyographicandhighspeedvideomeasurements AT kirinoyutaka implicitmemoryinmonkeysdevelopmentofadelayeyeblinkconditioningsystemwithparallelelectromyographicandhighspeedvideomeasurements |