Compressed sensing to accelerate magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging: evaluation and application to (23)Na-imaging of mouse hearts

BACKGROUND: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) has wide applicability for non-invasive biochemical assessment in clinical and pre-clinical applications but suffers from long scan times. Compressed sensing (CS) has been successfully applied to clinical (1)H MRSI, however a detailed evaluation of CS for conventional chemical shift imaging is lacking. Here we evaluate the performance of CS accelerated MRSI, and specifically apply it to accelerate (23)Na-MRSI on mouse hearts in vivo at 9.4 T. METHODS: Synthetic phantom data representing a simplified section across a mouse thorax were used to evaluate the fidelity of the CS reconstruction for varying levels of under-sampling, resolution and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The amplitude of signals arising from within a compartment, and signal contamination arising from outside the compartment relative to noise-free Fourier-transformed (FT) data were determined. Simulation results were subsequently verified experimentally in phantoms and in three mouse hearts in vivo. RESULTS: CS reconstructed MRSI data are scaled linearly relative to absolute signal intensities from the fully-sampled FT reconstructed case (R(2) > 0.8, p-value < 0.001). Higher acceleration factors resulted in a denoising of the reconstructed spectra, but also in an increased blurring of compartment boundaries, particularly at lower spatial resolutions. Increasing resolution and SNR decreased cross-compartment contamination and yielded signal amplitudes closer to the FT data. Proof-of-concept high-resolution, 3-fold accelerated (23)Na-amplitude maps of murine myocardium could be obtained within ~23 mins. CONCLUSIONS: Relative signal amplitudes (i.e. metabolite ratios) and absolute quantification of metabolite concentrations can be accurately determined with up to 5-fold under-sampled, CS-reconstructed MRSI. Although this work focused on murine cardiac (23)Na-MRSI, the results are equally applicable to other nuclei and tissues (e.g. (1)H MRSI in brain). Significant reduction in MRSI scan time will reduce the burden on the subject, increase scanner throughput, and may open new avenues for (pre-) clinical metabolic studies.