Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome revealing a cervical bronchogenic cyst: a case report

BACKGROUND: Bronchogenic cyst is a congenital malformation, rarely located in the cervical region and almost never involved in a neonate with acute respiratory distress in the delivery room. CASE PRESENTATION: A female newborn with respiratory distress syndrome caused by a large left cervical mass. Intubation was difficult due to tracheal deviation. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a left cervical cyst displacing the trachea and esophagus laterally. Surgical excision was performed via a cervical approach on the 5th day, and pathological examination revealed a bronchogenic cyst. The patient's course was complicated by left vocal cord paralysis and necrotic lesions in the glottic and subglottic regions; she required a tracheostomy on the 13th day. Inflammatory stenosis in the subglottic region required balloon dilation once, 20 days later. Proximal esophageal stenosis induced transient upper airway obstruction with salivary stasis. Decannulation was performed at 2 months and the patient was discharged 10 days later. CONCLUSION: A bronchogenic cyst can exceptionally obstruct the airways in the neonatal period. Surgical excision is necessary, but postoperative complications may occur if the cyst is in close contact with the trachea and esophagus, including necrotic and stenotic lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract. In those situations, tracheostomy may be necessary for mechanical ventilation weaning and the initiation of oral feeding.