Insulin sensitivity index (ISI(0, 120)) potentially linked to carbon isotopes of breath CO(2) for pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes

New strategies for an accurate and early detection of insulin resistance are important to delay or prevent the acute onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Currently, insulin sensitivity index (ISI(0,120)) is considered to be a viable invasive method of whole-body insulin resistance for use in clinical settings in comparison with other invasive sensitivity indexes like homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). To investigate how these sensitivity indexes link the (13)C/(12)C-carbon isotopes of exhaled breath CO(2) to pre-diabetes (PD) and type 2 diabetes in response to glucose ingestion, we studied excretion dynamics of (13)C/(12)C-isotopic fractionations of breath CO(2). Here, we show that (13)C/(12)C-isotope ratios of breath CO(2) were well correlated with blood glucose, insulin, glycosylated-hemoglobin as well as with HOMA-IR and 1/QUICKI. Conversely, the strongest correlation was observed between 1/ISI(0,120) and breath CO(2) isotopes. Consequently, we determined several optimal diagnostic cut-off points of 1/ISI(0,120) and (13)CO(2)/(12)CO(2)-isotope ratios to distinctively track the evolution of PD prior to the onset of T2D. Our findings suggest that isotopic breath CO(2) is a novel method for accurate estimation of ISI(0,120) and thus may open new perspectives into the isotope-specific non-invasive evaluation of insulin resistance for large-scale real-time diabetes screening purposes.