Hierarchical Nanotube-Constructed Porous TiO(2)-B Spheres for High Performance Lithium Ion Batteries

Hierarchically structured porous TiO(2)-B spheres have been synthesized via a hydrothermal process using amorphous titania/oleylamine composites as a self-sacrificing template. The TiO(2)-B spheres are constructed by interconnected nanotubes and possess a high specific surface area of 295 m(2) g(-1). When evaluated as an anode material in lithium-half cells, the as-obtained TiO(2)-B material exhibits high and reversible lithium storage capacity of 270 mA h g(-1) at 1 C (340 mA g(-1)), excellent rate capability of 221 mA h g(-1) at 10 C, and long cycle life with over 70% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 10 C. The superior electrochemical performance of TiO(2)-B material strongly correlates to the synergetic superiorities with a combination of TiO(2)-B polymorph, hierarchically porous structure, interconnected nanotubes and spherical morphology. Post-mortem structural analyses reveal some discrete cubic LiTiO(2) nanodots formed on the outer surfaces of TiO(2)-B nanotubes, which might account for the slight capacity loss upon prolonged electrochemical cycling.