Lymphoma-Like Syndrome: 4 Case Reports About Atypical Presentation of Primary Cytomegalovirus Infection in Immunocompetent Children

In immunocompetent persons, primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is self-limited infection. Lymphoma-like syndromes have been sometimes described in adults but have not been described for children. Lymphoma-like syndromes (protracted fever, alteration of the general status, and clinical lymphoproliferative syndrome) were retrospectively recorded in children attending our hospital from 1999 to 2008 for primary CMV infection. Patients with immunodeficiency, coinfection (Epstein–Barr virus, toxoplasmosis, or mycobacterial), or biological criteria of mononucleosis-like syndrome were excluded. We report 4 cases of lymphoma-like syndrome. The median duration of fever was 21.5 days (range 15–27). Tonsillitis and hepatitis are most of the time missing. A probable malignant diagnosis was raised in 3 cases. Clinical outcome was protracted (15–35 days) but favorable. To our knowledge, our study is the first pediatric case series of lymphoma-like syndrome. This clinical presentation is a source of delayed diagnosis due to diagnosis pitfall.