Catalytic Asymmetric Umpolung Reactions of Imines

Imines, carbon-nitrogen double bonds, are fundamentally important functional groups in organic chemistry. This is largely due to the fact that imines act as electrophiles in C–C bond forming reactions towards carbon nucleophiles, thereby serving one of the most widely used precursors for the formation of amines in both synthetic and biosynthetic settings.(1–5) If the carbon atom of the imine could be rendered electron-rich, the imine could react as a nucleophile instead of as an electrophile. Such a reversal in the electronic characteristics of the imine functionality would facilitate the development of new chemical transformations that convert imines into amines via C–C bond forming reactions with carbon electrophiles, thereby creating new opportunities for the efficient synthesis of amines. The development of asymmetric ‘umpolung’ reactions of imines remains an uncharted ground, in spite of the far-reaching impact of such reactions in organic synthesis. Here we report the discovery and development of new chiral phase transfer catalysts that promote the highly efficient asymmetric umpolung reactions of imines and enals. These catalysts mediate the deprotonation of imines and direct the 2-azaallylanions thus formed to react in a highly chemoselective, regioselective, diastereoselective and enantioselective fashion with enals. The reaction tolerates a broad range of imines and enals, and can be carried out in high yield with as little as 0.01 mol % catalyst with a moisture and air-tolerant operational protocol. These umpolung reactions provide a conceptually new and practical approach towards chiral amino compounds.