The Pattern of Variation between Diarrhea and Malaria Coexistence with Corresponding Risk Factors in, Chikhwawa, Malawi: A Bivariate Multilevel Analysis

Developing countries face a huge burden of infectious diseases, a number of which co-exist. This paper estimates the pattern and variation of malaria and diarrhea coexistence in Chikhwawa, a district in Southern Malawi using bivariate multilevel modelling with Bayesian estimation. A probit link was employed to examine hierarchically built data from a survey of individuals (n = 6,727) nested within households (n = 1,380) nested within communities (n = 33). Results show significant malaria [[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]] and diarrhea [[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]] variations with a strong correlation between them [[Formula: see text]] at household level. There are significant malaria [[Formula: see text]] and diarrhea [[Formula: see text]] variations at community level but with a small correlation [[Formula: see text]] between them. There is also significant correlation between malaria and diarrhea at individual level [[Formula: see text] 0.241]. These results suggest a close association between reported malaria-like illness and diarrheal illness especially at household and individual levels in Southern Malawi.