To Break or to Brake Neuronal Network Accelerated by Ammonium Ions?

PURPOSE: The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of ammonium ions on in vitro neuronal network activity and to search alternative methods of acute ammonia neurotoxicity prevention. METHODS: Rat hippocampal neuronal and astrocytes co-cultures in vitro, fluorescent microscopy and perforated patch clamp were used to monitor the changes in intracellular Ca(2+)- and membrane potential produced by ammonium ions and various modulators in the cells implicated in neural networks. RESULTS: Low concentrations of NH(4)Cl (0.1–4 mM) produce short temporal effects on network activity. Application of 5–8 mM NH(4)Cl: invariably transforms diverse network firing regimen to identical burst patterns, characterized by substantial neuronal membrane depolarization at plateau phase of potential and high-amplitude Ca(2+)-oscillations; raises frequency and average for period of oscillations Ca(2+)-level in all cells implicated in network; results in the appearance of group of «run out» cells with high intracellular Ca(2+) and steadily diminished amplitudes of oscillations; increases astrocyte Ca(2+)-signalling, characterized by the appearance of groups of cells with increased intracellular Ca(2+)-level and/or chaotic Ca(2+)-oscillations. Accelerated network activity may be suppressed by the blockade of NMDA or AMPA/kainate-receptors or by overactivation of AMPA/kainite-receptors. Ammonia still activate neuronal firing in the presence of GABA(A) receptors antagonist bicuculline, indicating that «disinhibition phenomenon» is not implicated in the mechanisms of networks acceleration. Network activity may also be slowed down by glycine, agonists of metabotropic inhibitory receptors, betaine, L-carnitine, L-arginine, etc. CONCLUSIONS: Obtained results demonstrate that ammonium ions accelerate neuronal networks firing, implicating ionotropic glutamate receptors, having preserved the activities of group of inhibitory ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. This may mean, that ammonia neurotoxicity might be prevented by the activation of various inhibitory receptors (i.e. by the reinforcement of negative feedback control), instead of application of various enzyme inhibitors and receptor antagonists (breaking of neural, metabolic and signaling systems).