Endoscopic metal enteral stent placement for malignant afferent loop syndrome after pancreaticoduodenectomy

INTRODUCTION: Afferent loop syndrome (ALS) is a rare and dreaded complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Malignant ALS after PD is usually difficult to manage due to patients’ poor condition. Effective and safe therapeutic strategies for these patients are reported scarcely at present. AIM: To analyze and evaluate the clinical characteristics and treatment of these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed 3 patients with malignant ALS after PD. They were treated by endoscopic enteral metal stent placement in our hospital. Meanwhile we retrospectively reviewed 49 cases with ALS after PD through available English literature. All these patients’ clinical features, laboratory study, treatment and outcome were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 52 cases were analyzed in the study. The most common presenting symptoms of ALS after PD were jaundice (56.5%), upper abdominal pain (45.7%), fever (26.1%), and vomiting (23.9%). Sixty percent of ALS cases were caused by tumor recurrence. The mean time from prior surgery to diagnosis of ALS was 13.3 months. The rates of treatment with the endoscopic approach, percutaneous stenting or drainage, surgery, and the conservative method were 40.4%, 32.7%, 11.5%, and 15.4%, respectively. Endoscopic enteral metal stent placement proved more effective and less invasive in the treatment of malignant ALS after PD. CONCLUSIONS: Cholangitis and cholangiectasis are the major manifestations of malignant ALS after PD. Invasive interventions are enjoying more and more acceptance for treatment. Endoscopic enteral metal stent placement appears to be a promising technique with effective palliation in these patients.