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Understanding how discrete populations of hypothalamic neurons orchestrate complicated behavioral states
A major question in systems neuroscience is how a single population of neurons can interact with the rest of the brain to orchestrate complex behavioral states. The hypothalamus contains many such discrete neuronal populations that individually regulate arousal, feeding, and drinking. For example, h...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2015
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523943/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26300745 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2015.00111 |
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author | Graebner, Allison K. Iyer, Manasi Carter, Matthew E. |
author_facet | Graebner, Allison K. Iyer, Manasi Carter, Matthew E. |
author_sort | Graebner, Allison K. |
collection | PubMed |
description | A major question in systems neuroscience is how a single population of neurons can interact with the rest of the brain to orchestrate complex behavioral states. The hypothalamus contains many such discrete neuronal populations that individually regulate arousal, feeding, and drinking. For example, hypothalamic neurons that express hypocretin (Hcrt) neuropeptides can sense homeostatic and metabolic factors affecting wakefulness and orchestrate organismal arousal. Neurons that express agouti-related protein (AgRP) can sense the metabolic needs of the body and orchestrate a state of hunger. The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) can detect the hypertonicity of blood and orchestrate a state of thirst. Each hypothalamic population is sufficient to generate complicated behavioral states through the combined efforts of distinct efferent projections. The principal challenge to understanding these brain systems is therefore to determine the individual roles of each downstream projection for each behavioral state. In recent years, the development and application of temporally precise, genetically encoded tools has greatly improved our understanding of the structure and function of these neural systems. This review will survey recent advances in our understanding of how these individual hypothalamic populations can orchestrate complicated behavioral states due to the combined efforts of individual downstream projections. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4523943 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-45239432015-08-21 Understanding how discrete populations of hypothalamic neurons orchestrate complicated behavioral states Graebner, Allison K. Iyer, Manasi Carter, Matthew E. Front Syst Neurosci Neuroscience A major question in systems neuroscience is how a single population of neurons can interact with the rest of the brain to orchestrate complex behavioral states. The hypothalamus contains many such discrete neuronal populations that individually regulate arousal, feeding, and drinking. For example, hypothalamic neurons that express hypocretin (Hcrt) neuropeptides can sense homeostatic and metabolic factors affecting wakefulness and orchestrate organismal arousal. Neurons that express agouti-related protein (AgRP) can sense the metabolic needs of the body and orchestrate a state of hunger. The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) can detect the hypertonicity of blood and orchestrate a state of thirst. Each hypothalamic population is sufficient to generate complicated behavioral states through the combined efforts of distinct efferent projections. The principal challenge to understanding these brain systems is therefore to determine the individual roles of each downstream projection for each behavioral state. In recent years, the development and application of temporally precise, genetically encoded tools has greatly improved our understanding of the structure and function of these neural systems. This review will survey recent advances in our understanding of how these individual hypothalamic populations can orchestrate complicated behavioral states due to the combined efforts of individual downstream projections. Frontiers Media S.A. 2015-08-04 /pmc/articles/PMC4523943/ /pubmed/26300745 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2015.00111 Text en Copyright © 2015 Graebner, Iyer and Carter. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neuroscience Graebner, Allison K. Iyer, Manasi Carter, Matthew E. Understanding how discrete populations of hypothalamic neurons orchestrate complicated behavioral states |
title | Understanding how discrete populations of hypothalamic neurons orchestrate complicated behavioral states |
title_full | Understanding how discrete populations of hypothalamic neurons orchestrate complicated behavioral states |
title_fullStr | Understanding how discrete populations of hypothalamic neurons orchestrate complicated behavioral states |
title_full_unstemmed | Understanding how discrete populations of hypothalamic neurons orchestrate complicated behavioral states |
title_short | Understanding how discrete populations of hypothalamic neurons orchestrate complicated behavioral states |
title_sort | understanding how discrete populations of hypothalamic neurons orchestrate complicated behavioral states |
topic | Neuroscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523943/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26300745 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2015.00111 |
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