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GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective
Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress responsive cytokine. It is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes, adipocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells in normal and pathological condition. GDF-15 increases during tissue injury and inflammatory states and is...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4530250/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26273671 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/490842 |
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author | Adela, Ramu Banerjee, Sanjay K. |
author_facet | Adela, Ramu Banerjee, Sanjay K. |
author_sort | Adela, Ramu |
collection | PubMed |
description | Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress responsive cytokine. It is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes, adipocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells in normal and pathological condition. GDF-15 increases during tissue injury and inflammatory states and is associated with cardiometabolic risk. Increased GDF-15 levels are associated with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertrophy, heart failure, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and chronic kidney diseases in diabetes. Increased GDF-15 level is linked with the progression and prognosis of the disease condition. Age, smoking, and environmental factors are other risk factors that may increase GDF-15 level. Most of the scientific studies reported that GDF-15 plays a protective role in different tissues. However, few reports show that the deficiency of GDF-15 is beneficial against vascular injury and inflammation. GDF-15 protects heart, adipose tissue, and endothelial cells by inhibiting JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), Bad (Bcl-2-associated death promoter), and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and activating Smad, eNOS, PI3K, and AKT signaling pathways. The present review describes the different animal and clinical studies and patent updates of GDF-15 in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. It is a challenge for the scientific community to use GDF-15 information for patient monitoring, clinical decision-making, and replacement of current treatment strategies for diabetic and cardiovascular diseases. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4530250 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | Hindawi Publishing Corporation |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-45302502015-08-13 GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective Adela, Ramu Banerjee, Sanjay K. J Diabetes Res Review Article Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress responsive cytokine. It is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes, adipocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells in normal and pathological condition. GDF-15 increases during tissue injury and inflammatory states and is associated with cardiometabolic risk. Increased GDF-15 levels are associated with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertrophy, heart failure, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and chronic kidney diseases in diabetes. Increased GDF-15 level is linked with the progression and prognosis of the disease condition. Age, smoking, and environmental factors are other risk factors that may increase GDF-15 level. Most of the scientific studies reported that GDF-15 plays a protective role in different tissues. However, few reports show that the deficiency of GDF-15 is beneficial against vascular injury and inflammation. GDF-15 protects heart, adipose tissue, and endothelial cells by inhibiting JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), Bad (Bcl-2-associated death promoter), and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and activating Smad, eNOS, PI3K, and AKT signaling pathways. The present review describes the different animal and clinical studies and patent updates of GDF-15 in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. It is a challenge for the scientific community to use GDF-15 information for patient monitoring, clinical decision-making, and replacement of current treatment strategies for diabetic and cardiovascular diseases. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2015 2015-07-27 /pmc/articles/PMC4530250/ /pubmed/26273671 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/490842 Text en Copyright © 2015 R. Adela and S. K. Banerjee. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Adela, Ramu Banerjee, Sanjay K. GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective |
title | GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective |
title_full | GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective |
title_fullStr | GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective |
title_full_unstemmed | GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective |
title_short | GDF-15 as a Target and Biomarker for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Translational Prospective |
title_sort | gdf-15 as a target and biomarker for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: a translational prospective |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4530250/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26273671 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/490842 |
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