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A Double Transducer for High Precision Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry Measurements

Membrane fouling, where unwanted particles accumulate on the membrane surface and reduce its permeability, causes problems in membrane filtration processes. With ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (UTDR) it is possible to measure the extent of membrane fouling and hence take actions to minimize it...

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Autores principales: Stade, Sam, Hakkarainen, Tuomas, Kallioinen, Mari, Mänttäri, Mika, Tuuva, Tuure
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541822/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26131667
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s150715090
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author Stade, Sam
Hakkarainen, Tuomas
Kallioinen, Mari
Mänttäri, Mika
Tuuva, Tuure
author_facet Stade, Sam
Hakkarainen, Tuomas
Kallioinen, Mari
Mänttäri, Mika
Tuuva, Tuure
author_sort Stade, Sam
collection PubMed
description Membrane fouling, where unwanted particles accumulate on the membrane surface and reduce its permeability, causes problems in membrane filtration processes. With ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (UTDR) it is possible to measure the extent of membrane fouling and hence take actions to minimize it. However, the usability of UTDR is very limited to constant filtration conditions if the sonic velocity, which has a great impact on UTDR measurement accuracy, is unknown. With a reference transducer the actual sonic velocity can be measured. This requires another transducer to be installed in the module, where there may be only limited space or the module dimensions may not be suitable for the reference transducer. A double transducer described in this study eliminates the need for a separate reference transducer because in the double transducer the reference measurement is included in the design of the transducer holder. Two sensors in the same holder require less space. Other advantage is that the double transducer can be placed near the measurement target and hence the local sonic velocity can be determined.
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spelling pubmed-45418222015-08-26 A Double Transducer for High Precision Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry Measurements Stade, Sam Hakkarainen, Tuomas Kallioinen, Mari Mänttäri, Mika Tuuva, Tuure Sensors (Basel) Article Membrane fouling, where unwanted particles accumulate on the membrane surface and reduce its permeability, causes problems in membrane filtration processes. With ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry (UTDR) it is possible to measure the extent of membrane fouling and hence take actions to minimize it. However, the usability of UTDR is very limited to constant filtration conditions if the sonic velocity, which has a great impact on UTDR measurement accuracy, is unknown. With a reference transducer the actual sonic velocity can be measured. This requires another transducer to be installed in the module, where there may be only limited space or the module dimensions may not be suitable for the reference transducer. A double transducer described in this study eliminates the need for a separate reference transducer because in the double transducer the reference measurement is included in the design of the transducer holder. Two sensors in the same holder require less space. Other advantage is that the double transducer can be placed near the measurement target and hence the local sonic velocity can be determined. MDPI 2015-06-26 /pmc/articles/PMC4541822/ /pubmed/26131667 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s150715090 Text en © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Stade, Sam
Hakkarainen, Tuomas
Kallioinen, Mari
Mänttäri, Mika
Tuuva, Tuure
A Double Transducer for High Precision Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry Measurements
title A Double Transducer for High Precision Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry Measurements
title_full A Double Transducer for High Precision Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry Measurements
title_fullStr A Double Transducer for High Precision Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry Measurements
title_full_unstemmed A Double Transducer for High Precision Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry Measurements
title_short A Double Transducer for High Precision Ultrasonic Time-Domain Reflectometry Measurements
title_sort double transducer for high precision ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry measurements
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541822/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26131667
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s150715090
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