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Chloroquine sensitivity: diminished prevalence of chloroquine-resistant gene marker pfcrt-76 13 years after cessation of chloroquine use in Msambweni, Kenya
BACKGROUND: Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine (CQ) denied healthcare providers access to a cheap and effective anti-malarial drug. Resistance has been proven to be due to point mutations on the parasite’s pfcrt gene, particularly on codon 76, resulting in an amino acid change from lysi...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4546357/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26296743 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0850-9 |
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author | Kiarie, William Chege Wangai, Laura Agola, Eric Kimani, Francis T. Hungu, Charity |
author_facet | Kiarie, William Chege Wangai, Laura Agola, Eric Kimani, Francis T. Hungu, Charity |
author_sort | Kiarie, William Chege |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine (CQ) denied healthcare providers access to a cheap and effective anti-malarial drug. Resistance has been proven to be due to point mutations on the parasite’s pfcrt gene, particularly on codon 76, resulting in an amino acid change from lysine to threonine. This study sought to determine the prevalence of the pfcrt K76T mutation 13 years after CQ cessation in Msambweni, Kenya. METHODS: Finger-prick whole blood was collected on 3MM Whatman(®) filter paper from 99 falciparum malaria patients. Parasite DNA was extracted via the Chelex method from individual blood spots and used as template in nested PCR amplification of pfcrt. Apo1 restriction enzyme was used to digest the amplified DNA to identify the samples as wild type or sensitive at codon 76. Prevalence figures of the mutant pfcrt 76T gene were calculated by dividing the number of samples bearing the mutant gene with the total number of samples multiplied by 100 %. Chi square tests were used to test the significance of the findings against previous prevalence figures. RESULTS: Out of 99 clinical samples collected in 2013, prevalence of the mutant pfcrt 76T gene stood at 41 %. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a significant [χ(2) test, P ≤ 0.05 (2006 vs 2013)] reversal to sensitivity by the P. falciparum population in the study site compared to the situation reported in 2006 at the same study site. This could primarily be driven by diminished use of CQ in the study area in line with the official policy. Studies to establish prevalence of the pfcrt 76T gene could be expanded countrywide to establish the CQ sensitivity status and predict a date when CQ may be re-introduced as part of malaria chemotherapy. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4546357 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-45463572015-08-23 Chloroquine sensitivity: diminished prevalence of chloroquine-resistant gene marker pfcrt-76 13 years after cessation of chloroquine use in Msambweni, Kenya Kiarie, William Chege Wangai, Laura Agola, Eric Kimani, Francis T. Hungu, Charity Malar J Research BACKGROUND: Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine (CQ) denied healthcare providers access to a cheap and effective anti-malarial drug. Resistance has been proven to be due to point mutations on the parasite’s pfcrt gene, particularly on codon 76, resulting in an amino acid change from lysine to threonine. This study sought to determine the prevalence of the pfcrt K76T mutation 13 years after CQ cessation in Msambweni, Kenya. METHODS: Finger-prick whole blood was collected on 3MM Whatman(®) filter paper from 99 falciparum malaria patients. Parasite DNA was extracted via the Chelex method from individual blood spots and used as template in nested PCR amplification of pfcrt. Apo1 restriction enzyme was used to digest the amplified DNA to identify the samples as wild type or sensitive at codon 76. Prevalence figures of the mutant pfcrt 76T gene were calculated by dividing the number of samples bearing the mutant gene with the total number of samples multiplied by 100 %. Chi square tests were used to test the significance of the findings against previous prevalence figures. RESULTS: Out of 99 clinical samples collected in 2013, prevalence of the mutant pfcrt 76T gene stood at 41 %. CONCLUSION: The results indicate a significant [χ(2) test, P ≤ 0.05 (2006 vs 2013)] reversal to sensitivity by the P. falciparum population in the study site compared to the situation reported in 2006 at the same study site. This could primarily be driven by diminished use of CQ in the study area in line with the official policy. Studies to establish prevalence of the pfcrt 76T gene could be expanded countrywide to establish the CQ sensitivity status and predict a date when CQ may be re-introduced as part of malaria chemotherapy. BioMed Central 2015-08-22 /pmc/articles/PMC4546357/ /pubmed/26296743 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0850-9 Text en © Kiarie et al. 2015 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
spellingShingle | Research Kiarie, William Chege Wangai, Laura Agola, Eric Kimani, Francis T. Hungu, Charity Chloroquine sensitivity: diminished prevalence of chloroquine-resistant gene marker pfcrt-76 13 years after cessation of chloroquine use in Msambweni, Kenya |
title | Chloroquine sensitivity: diminished prevalence of chloroquine-resistant gene marker pfcrt-76 13 years after cessation of chloroquine use in Msambweni, Kenya |
title_full | Chloroquine sensitivity: diminished prevalence of chloroquine-resistant gene marker pfcrt-76 13 years after cessation of chloroquine use in Msambweni, Kenya |
title_fullStr | Chloroquine sensitivity: diminished prevalence of chloroquine-resistant gene marker pfcrt-76 13 years after cessation of chloroquine use in Msambweni, Kenya |
title_full_unstemmed | Chloroquine sensitivity: diminished prevalence of chloroquine-resistant gene marker pfcrt-76 13 years after cessation of chloroquine use in Msambweni, Kenya |
title_short | Chloroquine sensitivity: diminished prevalence of chloroquine-resistant gene marker pfcrt-76 13 years after cessation of chloroquine use in Msambweni, Kenya |
title_sort | chloroquine sensitivity: diminished prevalence of chloroquine-resistant gene marker pfcrt-76 13 years after cessation of chloroquine use in msambweni, kenya |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4546357/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26296743 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0850-9 |
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