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Relationship between Carotenoids, Retinol, and Estradiol Levels in Older Women

Background. In vitro evidence suggests anti-estrogenic properties for retinol and carotenoids, supporting a chemo-preventive role of these phytochemicals in estrogen-dependent cancers. During aging there are significant reductions in retinol and carotenoid concentrations, whereas estradiol levels de...

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Autores principales: Maggio, Marcello, de Vita, Francesca, Lauretani, Fulvio, Bandinelli, Stefania, Semba, Richard D., Bartali, Benedetta, Cherubini, Antonio, Cappola, Anne R., Ceda, Gian Paolo, Ferrucci, Luigi
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2015
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Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4555135/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26251919
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu7085296
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author Maggio, Marcello
de Vita, Francesca
Lauretani, Fulvio
Bandinelli, Stefania
Semba, Richard D.
Bartali, Benedetta
Cherubini, Antonio
Cappola, Anne R.
Ceda, Gian Paolo
Ferrucci, Luigi
author_facet Maggio, Marcello
de Vita, Francesca
Lauretani, Fulvio
Bandinelli, Stefania
Semba, Richard D.
Bartali, Benedetta
Cherubini, Antonio
Cappola, Anne R.
Ceda, Gian Paolo
Ferrucci, Luigi
author_sort Maggio, Marcello
collection PubMed
description Background. In vitro evidence suggests anti-estrogenic properties for retinol and carotenoids, supporting a chemo-preventive role of these phytochemicals in estrogen-dependent cancers. During aging there are significant reductions in retinol and carotenoid concentrations, whereas estradiol levels decline during menopause and progressively increase from the age of 65. We aimed to investigate the hypothesis of a potential relationship between circulating levels of retinol, carotenoids, and estradiol (E2) in a cohort of late post-menopausal women. Methods. We examined 512 women ≥ 65 years from the InCHIANTI study. Retinol, α-caroten, β-caroten, β-criptoxantin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene levels were assayed at enrollment (1998–2000) by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Estradiol and testosterone (T) levels were assessed by Radioimmunometry (RIA) and testosterone-to-estradiol ratio (T/E2), as a proxy of aromatase activity, was also calculated. General linear models adjusted for age (Model 1) and further adjusted for other confounders including Body Mass Index (BMI) BMI, smoking, intake of energy, lipids, and vitamin A; C-Reactive Protein, insulin, total cholesterol, liver function, and testosterone (Model 2) were used to investigate the relationship between retinol, carotenoids, and E2 levels. To address the independent relationship between carotenoids and E2 levels, factors significantly associated with E2 in Model 2 were also included in a fully adjusted Model 3. Results. After adjustment for age, α-carotene (β ± SE = −0.01 ± 0.004, p = 0.02) and β-carotene (β ± SE = −0.07 ± 0.02, p = 0.0007) were significantly and inversely associated with E2 levels. α-Carotene was also significantly and positively associated with T/E2 ratio (β ± SE = 0.07 ± 0.03, p = 0.01). After adjustment for other confounders (Model 2), the inverse relationship between α-carotene (β ± SE = −1.59 ± 0.61, p = 0.01), β-carotene (β ± SE = −0.29 ± 0.08, p = 0.0009), and E2 persisted whereas the relationship between α-carotene and T/E2 ratio was attenuated (β ± SE = 0.22 ± 0.12, p = 0.07). In a fully adjusted model (Model 3), only β-carotene (β ± SE = −0.05 ± 0.02, p = 0.03) was significantly and inversely associated with E2 levels independent of α-carotene. No association was found between retinol, total non-pro-vitamin A carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene, and E2 levels. Conclusions: In older women, β-carotene levels are independently and inversely associated with E2.
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spelling pubmed-45551352015-09-01 Relationship between Carotenoids, Retinol, and Estradiol Levels in Older Women Maggio, Marcello de Vita, Francesca Lauretani, Fulvio Bandinelli, Stefania Semba, Richard D. Bartali, Benedetta Cherubini, Antonio Cappola, Anne R. Ceda, Gian Paolo Ferrucci, Luigi Nutrients Article Background. In vitro evidence suggests anti-estrogenic properties for retinol and carotenoids, supporting a chemo-preventive role of these phytochemicals in estrogen-dependent cancers. During aging there are significant reductions in retinol and carotenoid concentrations, whereas estradiol levels decline during menopause and progressively increase from the age of 65. We aimed to investigate the hypothesis of a potential relationship between circulating levels of retinol, carotenoids, and estradiol (E2) in a cohort of late post-menopausal women. Methods. We examined 512 women ≥ 65 years from the InCHIANTI study. Retinol, α-caroten, β-caroten, β-criptoxantin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene levels were assayed at enrollment (1998–2000) by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Estradiol and testosterone (T) levels were assessed by Radioimmunometry (RIA) and testosterone-to-estradiol ratio (T/E2), as a proxy of aromatase activity, was also calculated. General linear models adjusted for age (Model 1) and further adjusted for other confounders including Body Mass Index (BMI) BMI, smoking, intake of energy, lipids, and vitamin A; C-Reactive Protein, insulin, total cholesterol, liver function, and testosterone (Model 2) were used to investigate the relationship between retinol, carotenoids, and E2 levels. To address the independent relationship between carotenoids and E2 levels, factors significantly associated with E2 in Model 2 were also included in a fully adjusted Model 3. Results. After adjustment for age, α-carotene (β ± SE = −0.01 ± 0.004, p = 0.02) and β-carotene (β ± SE = −0.07 ± 0.02, p = 0.0007) were significantly and inversely associated with E2 levels. α-Carotene was also significantly and positively associated with T/E2 ratio (β ± SE = 0.07 ± 0.03, p = 0.01). After adjustment for other confounders (Model 2), the inverse relationship between α-carotene (β ± SE = −1.59 ± 0.61, p = 0.01), β-carotene (β ± SE = −0.29 ± 0.08, p = 0.0009), and E2 persisted whereas the relationship between α-carotene and T/E2 ratio was attenuated (β ± SE = 0.22 ± 0.12, p = 0.07). In a fully adjusted model (Model 3), only β-carotene (β ± SE = −0.05 ± 0.02, p = 0.03) was significantly and inversely associated with E2 levels independent of α-carotene. No association was found between retinol, total non-pro-vitamin A carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene, and E2 levels. Conclusions: In older women, β-carotene levels are independently and inversely associated with E2. MDPI 2015-08-05 /pmc/articles/PMC4555135/ /pubmed/26251919 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu7085296 Text en © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Maggio, Marcello
de Vita, Francesca
Lauretani, Fulvio
Bandinelli, Stefania
Semba, Richard D.
Bartali, Benedetta
Cherubini, Antonio
Cappola, Anne R.
Ceda, Gian Paolo
Ferrucci, Luigi
Relationship between Carotenoids, Retinol, and Estradiol Levels in Older Women
title Relationship between Carotenoids, Retinol, and Estradiol Levels in Older Women
title_full Relationship between Carotenoids, Retinol, and Estradiol Levels in Older Women
title_fullStr Relationship between Carotenoids, Retinol, and Estradiol Levels in Older Women
title_full_unstemmed Relationship between Carotenoids, Retinol, and Estradiol Levels in Older Women
title_short Relationship between Carotenoids, Retinol, and Estradiol Levels in Older Women
title_sort relationship between carotenoids, retinol, and estradiol levels in older women
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4555135/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26251919
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu7085296
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