Neutron Activated Samarium-153 Microparticles for Transarterial Radioembolization of Liver Tumour with Post-Procedure Imaging Capabilities

INTRODUCTION: Samarium-153 ((153)Sm) styrene divinylbenzene microparticles were developed as a surrogate for Yttrium-90 ((90)Y) microspheres in liver radioembolization therapy. Unlike the pure beta emitter (90)Y, (153)Sm possess both therapeutic beta and diagnostic gamma radiations, making it possible for post-procedure imaging following therapy. METHODS: The microparticles were prepared using commercially available cation exchange resin, Amberlite IR-120 H(+) (620–830 μm), which were reduced to 20–40 μm via ball mill grinding and sieve separation. The microparticles were labelled with (152)Sm via ion exchange process with (152)SmCl(3), prior to neutron activation to produce radioactive (153)Sm through (152)Sm(n,γ)(153)Sm reaction. Therapeutic activity of 3 GBq was referred based on the recommended activity used in (90)Y-microspheres therapy. The samples were irradiated in 1.494 x 10(12) n.cm(-2).s(-1) neutron flux for 6 h to achieve the nominal activity of 3.1 GBq.g(-1). Physicochemical characterisation of the microparticles, gamma spectrometry, and in vitro radiolabelling studies were carried out to study the performance and stability of the microparticles. RESULTS: Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the Amberlite IR-120 resins showed unaffected functional groups, following size reduction of the beads. However, as shown by the electron microscope, the microparticles were irregular in shape. The radioactivity achieved after 6 h neutron activation was 3.104 ± 0.029 GBq. The specific activity per microparticle was 53.855 ± 0.503 Bq. Gamma spectrometry and elemental analysis showed no radioactive impurities in the samples. Radiolabelling efficiencies of (153)Sm-Amberlite in distilled water and blood plasma over 48 h were excellent and higher than 95%. CONCLUSION: The laboratory work revealed that the (153)Sm-Amberlite microparticles demonstrated superior characteristics for potential use in hepatic radioembolization.