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Evidence for the Convergence Model: The Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Viet Nam

Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases (EID), the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-inciden...

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Autores principales: Saksena, Sumeet, Fox, Jefferson, Epprecht, Michael, Tran, Chinh C., Nong, Duong H., Spencer, James H., Nguyen, Lam, Finucane, Melissa L., Tran, Vien D., Wilcox, Bruce A.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4580613/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26398118
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138138
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author Saksena, Sumeet
Fox, Jefferson
Epprecht, Michael
Tran, Chinh C.
Nong, Duong H.
Spencer, James H.
Nguyen, Lam
Finucane, Melissa L.
Tran, Vien D.
Wilcox, Bruce A.
author_facet Saksena, Sumeet
Fox, Jefferson
Epprecht, Michael
Tran, Chinh C.
Nong, Duong H.
Spencer, James H.
Nguyen, Lam
Finucane, Melissa L.
Tran, Vien D.
Wilcox, Bruce A.
author_sort Saksena, Sumeet
collection PubMed
description Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases (EID), the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physical environmental, ecological, and social factors. We developed and tested a model of the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 based on suspected convergence factors that are mainly associated with land-use change. Building on previous geospatial statistical studies that identified natural and human risk factors associated with urbanization, we added new factors to test whether causal mechanisms and pathogenic landscapes could be more specifically identified. Our findings suggest that urbanization spatially combines risk factors to produce particular types of peri-urban landscapes with significantly higher HPAI H5N1 emergence risk. The work highlights that peri-urban areas of Viet Nam have higher levels of chicken densities, duck and geese flock size diversities, and fraction of land under rice or aquaculture than rural and urban areas. We also found that land-use diversity, a surrogate measure for potential mixing of host populations and other factors that likely influence viral transmission, significantly improves the model’s predictability. Similarly, landscapes where intensive and extensive forms of poultry production overlap were found at greater risk. These results support the convergence hypothesis in general and demonstrate the potential to improve EID prevention and control by combing geospatial monitoring of these factors along with pathogen surveillance programs.
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spelling pubmed-45806132015-10-01 Evidence for the Convergence Model: The Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Viet Nam Saksena, Sumeet Fox, Jefferson Epprecht, Michael Tran, Chinh C. Nong, Duong H. Spencer, James H. Nguyen, Lam Finucane, Melissa L. Tran, Vien D. Wilcox, Bruce A. PLoS One Research Article Building on a series of ground breaking reviews that first defined and drew attention to emerging infectious diseases (EID), the ‘convergence model’ was proposed to explain the multifactorial causality of disease emergence. The model broadly hypothesizes disease emergence is driven by the co-incidence of genetic, physical environmental, ecological, and social factors. We developed and tested a model of the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 based on suspected convergence factors that are mainly associated with land-use change. Building on previous geospatial statistical studies that identified natural and human risk factors associated with urbanization, we added new factors to test whether causal mechanisms and pathogenic landscapes could be more specifically identified. Our findings suggest that urbanization spatially combines risk factors to produce particular types of peri-urban landscapes with significantly higher HPAI H5N1 emergence risk. The work highlights that peri-urban areas of Viet Nam have higher levels of chicken densities, duck and geese flock size diversities, and fraction of land under rice or aquaculture than rural and urban areas. We also found that land-use diversity, a surrogate measure for potential mixing of host populations and other factors that likely influence viral transmission, significantly improves the model’s predictability. Similarly, landscapes where intensive and extensive forms of poultry production overlap were found at greater risk. These results support the convergence hypothesis in general and demonstrate the potential to improve EID prevention and control by combing geospatial monitoring of these factors along with pathogen surveillance programs. Public Library of Science 2015-09-23 /pmc/articles/PMC4580613/ /pubmed/26398118 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138138 Text en © 2015 Saksena et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Saksena, Sumeet
Fox, Jefferson
Epprecht, Michael
Tran, Chinh C.
Nong, Duong H.
Spencer, James H.
Nguyen, Lam
Finucane, Melissa L.
Tran, Vien D.
Wilcox, Bruce A.
Evidence for the Convergence Model: The Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Viet Nam
title Evidence for the Convergence Model: The Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Viet Nam
title_full Evidence for the Convergence Model: The Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Viet Nam
title_fullStr Evidence for the Convergence Model: The Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Viet Nam
title_full_unstemmed Evidence for the Convergence Model: The Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Viet Nam
title_short Evidence for the Convergence Model: The Emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Viet Nam
title_sort evidence for the convergence model: the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n1) in viet nam
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4580613/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26398118
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138138
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