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Triazole Susceptibilities in Thermotolerant Fungal Isolates from Outdoor Air in the Seoul Capital Area in South Korea

Emerging fungi resistant to triazoles are a concern because of the increased use of medical triazoles and exposure to agricultural triazoles. However, little is known about the levels of triazole susceptibility in outdoor airborne fungi making it difficult to assess the risks of inhalation exposure...

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Autores principales: Lee, Seungeun, Xu, Siyu, Bivila, Chemmeri Padasseri, Lee, Hyeyoung, Park, Myung Soo, Lim, Young Woon, Yamamoto, Naomichi
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4583468/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26405807
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138725
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author Lee, Seungeun
Xu, Siyu
Bivila, Chemmeri Padasseri
Lee, Hyeyoung
Park, Myung Soo
Lim, Young Woon
Yamamoto, Naomichi
author_facet Lee, Seungeun
Xu, Siyu
Bivila, Chemmeri Padasseri
Lee, Hyeyoung
Park, Myung Soo
Lim, Young Woon
Yamamoto, Naomichi
author_sort Lee, Seungeun
collection PubMed
description Emerging fungi resistant to triazoles are a concern because of the increased use of medical triazoles and exposure to agricultural triazoles. However, little is known about the levels of triazole susceptibility in outdoor airborne fungi making it difficult to assess the risks of inhalation exposure to airborne, antifungal-resistant fungi. This study examined triazole susceptibilities of the airborne thermotolerant fungi isolated from the ambient air of the Seoul Capital Area of South Korea. We used impactor air sampling with triazole-containing nutrient agar plates as the collection substrates to screen for airborne fungal isolates based on their triazole susceptibilities. This study estimated that 0.17% of all the culturable fungi belong to the pathogenic thermotolerant taxa, among which each isolate of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus tubingensis showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 μg/mL or greater for itraconazole. Their concentration in air was 0.4 CFU/m(3). Seven human pathogenic Paecilomyces variotii isolates had MICs of 32 μg/mL or greater and lower than 2 μg/mL for the agricultural fungicide tebuconazole and the medical triazole itraconazole, respectively. Though the concentration was low, our results confirm the presence of airborne fungi with high MICs for itraconazole in ambient air. Inhalation is an important exposure route because people inhale more than 10 m(3) of air each day. Vigilance is preferred over monitoring for the emergence of triazole-resistant fungal pathogens in ambient outdoor air.
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spelling pubmed-45834682015-10-02 Triazole Susceptibilities in Thermotolerant Fungal Isolates from Outdoor Air in the Seoul Capital Area in South Korea Lee, Seungeun Xu, Siyu Bivila, Chemmeri Padasseri Lee, Hyeyoung Park, Myung Soo Lim, Young Woon Yamamoto, Naomichi PLoS One Research Article Emerging fungi resistant to triazoles are a concern because of the increased use of medical triazoles and exposure to agricultural triazoles. However, little is known about the levels of triazole susceptibility in outdoor airborne fungi making it difficult to assess the risks of inhalation exposure to airborne, antifungal-resistant fungi. This study examined triazole susceptibilities of the airborne thermotolerant fungi isolated from the ambient air of the Seoul Capital Area of South Korea. We used impactor air sampling with triazole-containing nutrient agar plates as the collection substrates to screen for airborne fungal isolates based on their triazole susceptibilities. This study estimated that 0.17% of all the culturable fungi belong to the pathogenic thermotolerant taxa, among which each isolate of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus tubingensis showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 μg/mL or greater for itraconazole. Their concentration in air was 0.4 CFU/m(3). Seven human pathogenic Paecilomyces variotii isolates had MICs of 32 μg/mL or greater and lower than 2 μg/mL for the agricultural fungicide tebuconazole and the medical triazole itraconazole, respectively. Though the concentration was low, our results confirm the presence of airborne fungi with high MICs for itraconazole in ambient air. Inhalation is an important exposure route because people inhale more than 10 m(3) of air each day. Vigilance is preferred over monitoring for the emergence of triazole-resistant fungal pathogens in ambient outdoor air. Public Library of Science 2015-09-25 /pmc/articles/PMC4583468/ /pubmed/26405807 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138725 Text en © 2015 Lee et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Lee, Seungeun
Xu, Siyu
Bivila, Chemmeri Padasseri
Lee, Hyeyoung
Park, Myung Soo
Lim, Young Woon
Yamamoto, Naomichi
Triazole Susceptibilities in Thermotolerant Fungal Isolates from Outdoor Air in the Seoul Capital Area in South Korea
title Triazole Susceptibilities in Thermotolerant Fungal Isolates from Outdoor Air in the Seoul Capital Area in South Korea
title_full Triazole Susceptibilities in Thermotolerant Fungal Isolates from Outdoor Air in the Seoul Capital Area in South Korea
title_fullStr Triazole Susceptibilities in Thermotolerant Fungal Isolates from Outdoor Air in the Seoul Capital Area in South Korea
title_full_unstemmed Triazole Susceptibilities in Thermotolerant Fungal Isolates from Outdoor Air in the Seoul Capital Area in South Korea
title_short Triazole Susceptibilities in Thermotolerant Fungal Isolates from Outdoor Air in the Seoul Capital Area in South Korea
title_sort triazole susceptibilities in thermotolerant fungal isolates from outdoor air in the seoul capital area in south korea
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4583468/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26405807
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138725
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