Interaction mechanisms and kinetics of ferrous ion and hexagonal birnessite in aqueous systems

BACKGROUND: In soils and sediments, manganese oxides and oxygen usually participate in the oxidation of ferrous ions. There is limited information concerning the interaction process and mechanisms of ferrous ions and manganese oxides. The influence of air (oxygen) on reaction process and kinetics has been seldom studied. Because redox reactions usually occur in open systems, the participation of air needs to be further investigated. RESULTS: To simulate this process, hexagonal birnessite was prepared and used to oxidize ferrous ions in anoxic and aerobic aqueous systems. The influence of pH, concentration, temperature, and presence of air (oxygen) on the redox rate was studied. The redox reaction of birnessite and ferrous ions was accompanied by the release of Mn(2+) and K(+) ions, a significant decrease in Fe(2+) concentration, and the formation of mixed lepidocrocite and goethite during the initial stage. Lepidocrocite did not completely transform into goethite under anoxic condition with pH about 5.5 within 30 days. Fe(2+) exhibited much higher catalytic activity than Mn(2+) during the transformation from amorphous Fe(III)-hydroxide to lepidocrocite and goethite under anoxic conditions. The release rates of Mn(2+) were compared to estimate the redox rates of birnessite and Fe(2+) under different conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Redox rate was found to be controlled by chemical reaction, and increased with increasing Fe(2+) concentration, pH, and temperature. The formation of ferric (hydr)oxides precipitate inhibited the further reduction of birnessite. The presence of air accelerated the oxidation of Fe(2+) to ferric oxides and facilitated the chemical stability of birnessite, which was not completely reduced and dissolved after 18 days. As for the oxidation of aqueous ferrous ions by oxygen in air, low and high pHs facilitated the formation of goethite and lepidocrocite, respectively. The experimental results illustrated the single and combined effects of manganese oxide and air on the transformation of Fe(2+) to ferric oxides. [Figure: see text]