A novel Ca(2+)-feedback mechanism extends the operating range of mammalian rods to brighter light

Sensory cells adjust their sensitivity to incoming signals, such as odor or light, in response to changes in background stimulation, thereby extending the range over which they operate. For instance, rod photoreceptors are extremely sensitive in darkness, so that they are able to detect individual photons, but remain responsive to visual stimuli under conditions of bright ambient light, which would be expected to saturate their response given the high gain of the rod transduction cascade in darkness. These photoreceptors regulate their sensitivity to light rapidly and reversibly in response to changes in ambient illumination, thereby avoiding saturation. Calcium ions (Ca(2+)) play a major role in mediating the rapid, subsecond adaptation to light, and the Ca(2+)-binding proteins GCAP1 and GCAP2 (or guanylyl cyclase–activating proteins [GCAPs]) have been identified as important mediators of the photoreceptor response to changes in intracellular Ca(2+). However, mouse rods lacking both GCAP1 and GCAP2 (GCAP(−/−)) still show substantial light adaptation. Here, we determined the Ca(2+) dependency of this residual light adaptation and, by combining pharmacological, genetic, and electrophysiological tools, showed that an unknown Ca(2+)-dependent mechanism contributes to light adaptation in GCAP(−/−) mouse rods. We found that mimicking the light-induced decrease in intracellular [Ca(2+)] accelerated recovery of the response to visual stimuli and caused a fourfold decrease of sensitivity in GCAP(−/−) rods. About half of this Ca(2+)-dependent regulation of sensitivity could be attributed to the recoverin-mediated pathway, whereas half of it was caused by the unknown mechanism. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that the feedback mechanisms regulating the sensitivity of mammalian rods on the second and subsecond time scales are all Ca(2+) dependent and that, unlike salamander rods, Ca(2+)-independent background-induced acceleration of flash response kinetics is rather weak in mouse rods.