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Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps
Five previously identified semiochemicals from the sexually deceptive Western Australian hammer orchid Drakaea livida, all showing electrophysiological activity in gas chromatography–electroantennogram detection (EAD) studies, were tested in field bioassays as attractants for a Catocheilus thynnine...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2014
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4592595/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26462695 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects5020474 |
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author | Bohman, Bjorn Peakall, Rod |
author_facet | Bohman, Bjorn Peakall, Rod |
author_sort | Bohman, Bjorn |
collection | PubMed |
description | Five previously identified semiochemicals from the sexually deceptive Western Australian hammer orchid Drakaea livida, all showing electrophysiological activity in gas chromatography–electroantennogram detection (EAD) studies, were tested in field bioassays as attractants for a Catocheilus thynnine wasp. Two of these compounds, (3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methyl 3-methylbutanoate and 2-(3-methylbutyl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, were attractive to male wasps. Additionally, the semiochemical 3-(3-methylbutyl)-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, a close analogue to 2-(3-methylbutyl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, identified in five other species of thynnine wasps, was equally active. The three remaining compounds from D. livida, which were EAD-active against Catocheilus, did not attract the insects in field trials. It is interesting that two structurally similar compounds induce similar behaviours in field experiments, yet only one of these compounds is present in the orchid flower. Our findings suggest the possibility that despite the high specificity normally characterising sex pheromone systems, the evolution of sexual deception may not be entirely constrained by the need to precisely match the sex pheromone constituents and blends. Such evolutionary flexibility may be particularly important during the early stages of speciation. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4592595 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-45925952015-10-08 Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps Bohman, Bjorn Peakall, Rod Insects Article Five previously identified semiochemicals from the sexually deceptive Western Australian hammer orchid Drakaea livida, all showing electrophysiological activity in gas chromatography–electroantennogram detection (EAD) studies, were tested in field bioassays as attractants for a Catocheilus thynnine wasp. Two of these compounds, (3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methyl 3-methylbutanoate and 2-(3-methylbutyl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, were attractive to male wasps. Additionally, the semiochemical 3-(3-methylbutyl)-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, a close analogue to 2-(3-methylbutyl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, identified in five other species of thynnine wasps, was equally active. The three remaining compounds from D. livida, which were EAD-active against Catocheilus, did not attract the insects in field trials. It is interesting that two structurally similar compounds induce similar behaviours in field experiments, yet only one of these compounds is present in the orchid flower. Our findings suggest the possibility that despite the high specificity normally characterising sex pheromone systems, the evolution of sexual deception may not be entirely constrained by the need to precisely match the sex pheromone constituents and blends. Such evolutionary flexibility may be particularly important during the early stages of speciation. MDPI 2014-06-19 /pmc/articles/PMC4592595/ /pubmed/26462695 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects5020474 Text en © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Bohman, Bjorn Peakall, Rod Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps |
title | Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps |
title_full | Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps |
title_fullStr | Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps |
title_full_unstemmed | Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps |
title_short | Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps |
title_sort | pyrazines attract catocheilus thynnine wasps |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4592595/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26462695 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects5020474 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT bohmanbjorn pyrazinesattractcatocheilusthynninewasps AT peakallrod pyrazinesattractcatocheilusthynninewasps |