Cargando…

Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps

Five previously identified semiochemicals from the sexually deceptive Western Australian hammer orchid Drakaea livida, all showing electrophysiological activity in gas chromatography–electroantennogram detection (EAD) studies, were tested in field bioassays as attractants for a Catocheilus thynnine...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Bohman, Bjorn, Peakall, Rod
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4592595/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26462695
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects5020474
_version_ 1782393215779864576
author Bohman, Bjorn
Peakall, Rod
author_facet Bohman, Bjorn
Peakall, Rod
author_sort Bohman, Bjorn
collection PubMed
description Five previously identified semiochemicals from the sexually deceptive Western Australian hammer orchid Drakaea livida, all showing electrophysiological activity in gas chromatography–electroantennogram detection (EAD) studies, were tested in field bioassays as attractants for a Catocheilus thynnine wasp. Two of these compounds, (3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methyl 3-methylbutanoate and 2-(3-methylbutyl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, were attractive to male wasps. Additionally, the semiochemical 3-(3-methylbutyl)-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, a close analogue to 2-(3-methylbutyl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, identified in five other species of thynnine wasps, was equally active. The three remaining compounds from D. livida, which were EAD-active against Catocheilus, did not attract the insects in field trials. It is interesting that two structurally similar compounds induce similar behaviours in field experiments, yet only one of these compounds is present in the orchid flower. Our findings suggest the possibility that despite the high specificity normally characterising sex pheromone systems, the evolution of sexual deception may not be entirely constrained by the need to precisely match the sex pheromone constituents and blends. Such evolutionary flexibility may be particularly important during the early stages of speciation.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-4592595
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2014
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-45925952015-10-08 Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps Bohman, Bjorn Peakall, Rod Insects Article Five previously identified semiochemicals from the sexually deceptive Western Australian hammer orchid Drakaea livida, all showing electrophysiological activity in gas chromatography–electroantennogram detection (EAD) studies, were tested in field bioassays as attractants for a Catocheilus thynnine wasp. Two of these compounds, (3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methyl 3-methylbutanoate and 2-(3-methylbutyl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, were attractive to male wasps. Additionally, the semiochemical 3-(3-methylbutyl)-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, a close analogue to 2-(3-methylbutyl)-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, identified in five other species of thynnine wasps, was equally active. The three remaining compounds from D. livida, which were EAD-active against Catocheilus, did not attract the insects in field trials. It is interesting that two structurally similar compounds induce similar behaviours in field experiments, yet only one of these compounds is present in the orchid flower. Our findings suggest the possibility that despite the high specificity normally characterising sex pheromone systems, the evolution of sexual deception may not be entirely constrained by the need to precisely match the sex pheromone constituents and blends. Such evolutionary flexibility may be particularly important during the early stages of speciation. MDPI 2014-06-19 /pmc/articles/PMC4592595/ /pubmed/26462695 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects5020474 Text en © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Bohman, Bjorn
Peakall, Rod
Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps
title Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps
title_full Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps
title_fullStr Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps
title_full_unstemmed Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps
title_short Pyrazines Attract Catocheilus Thynnine Wasps
title_sort pyrazines attract catocheilus thynnine wasps
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4592595/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26462695
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects5020474
work_keys_str_mv AT bohmanbjorn pyrazinesattractcatocheilusthynninewasps
AT peakallrod pyrazinesattractcatocheilusthynninewasps