Linking Intertidal and Subtidal Food Webs: Consumer-Mediated Transport of Intertidal Benthic Microalgal Carbon

We examined stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios for a large variety of consumers in intertidal and subtidal habitats, and their potential primary food sources [i.e., microphytobenthos (MPB), phytoplankton, and Phragmites australis] in a coastal bay system, Yeoja Bay of Korea, to test the hypothesis that the transfer of intertidal MPB-derived organic carbon to the subtidal food web can be mediated by motile consumers. Compared to a narrow δ(13)C range (−18 to −16‰) of offshore consumers, a broad δ(13)C range (−18 to −12‰) of both intertidal and subtidal consumers indicated that (13)C-enriched sources of organic matter are an important trophic source to coastal consumers. In the intertidal areas, δ(13)C of most consumers overlapped with or was (13)C-enriched relative to MPB. Despite the scarcity of MPB in the subtidal, highly motile consumers in subtidal habitat had nearly identical δ(13)C range with many intertidal foragers (including crustaceans and fish), overlapping with the range of MPB. In contrast, δ(13)C values of many sedentary benthic invertebrates in the subtidal areas were similar to those of offshore consumers and more (13)C-depleted than motile foragers, indicating high dependence on phytoplankton-derived carbon. The isotopic mixing model calculation confirms that the majority of motile consumers and also some of subtidal sedentary ones depend on intertidal MPB for more than a half of their tissue carbon. Finally, although further quantitative estimates are needed, these results suggest that direct foraging by motile consumers on intertidal areas, and thereby biological transport of MPB-derived organic carbon to the subtidal areas, may provide important trophic connection between intertidal production and the nearshore shallow subtidal food webs.