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Macrophage Heterogeneity and Plasticity: Impact of Macrophage Biomarkers on Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global epidemic, currently representing the worldwide leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerosis is the fundamental pathophysiologic component of CVD, where the immune system plays an essential role. Monocytes and macrophages are key mediators in this...

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Autores principales: Rojas, Joselyn, Salazar, Juan, Martínez, María Sofía, Palmar, Jim, Bautista, Jordan, Chávez-Castillo, Mervin, Gómez, Alexis, Bermúdez, Valmore
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4600540/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26491604
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/851252
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author Rojas, Joselyn
Salazar, Juan
Martínez, María Sofía
Palmar, Jim
Bautista, Jordan
Chávez-Castillo, Mervin
Gómez, Alexis
Bermúdez, Valmore
author_facet Rojas, Joselyn
Salazar, Juan
Martínez, María Sofía
Palmar, Jim
Bautista, Jordan
Chávez-Castillo, Mervin
Gómez, Alexis
Bermúdez, Valmore
author_sort Rojas, Joselyn
collection PubMed
description Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global epidemic, currently representing the worldwide leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerosis is the fundamental pathophysiologic component of CVD, where the immune system plays an essential role. Monocytes and macrophages are key mediators in this aspect: due to their heterogeneity and plasticity, these cells may act as either pro- or anti-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, monocytes may develop heterogeneous functional phenotypes depending on the predominating pro- or anti-inflammatory microenvironment within the lesion, resulting in classic, intermediate, and non-classic monocytes, each with strikingly differing features. Similarly, macrophages may also adopt heterogeneous profiles being mainly M1 and M2, the former showing a proinflammatory profile while the latter demonstrates anti-inflammatory traits; they are further subdivided in several subtypes with more specialized functions. Furthermore, macrophages may display plasticity by dynamically shifting between phenotypes in response to specific signals. Each of these distinct cell profiles is associated with diverse biomarkers which may be exploited for therapeutic intervention, including IL-10, IL-13, PPAR-γ, LXR, NLRP3 inflammasomes, and microRNAs. Direct modulation of the molecular pathways concerning these potential macrophage-related targets represents a promising field for new therapeutic alternatives in atherosclerosis and CVD.
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spelling pubmed-46005402015-10-21 Macrophage Heterogeneity and Plasticity: Impact of Macrophage Biomarkers on Atherosclerosis Rojas, Joselyn Salazar, Juan Martínez, María Sofía Palmar, Jim Bautista, Jordan Chávez-Castillo, Mervin Gómez, Alexis Bermúdez, Valmore Scientifica (Cairo) Review Article Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global epidemic, currently representing the worldwide leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerosis is the fundamental pathophysiologic component of CVD, where the immune system plays an essential role. Monocytes and macrophages are key mediators in this aspect: due to their heterogeneity and plasticity, these cells may act as either pro- or anti-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, monocytes may develop heterogeneous functional phenotypes depending on the predominating pro- or anti-inflammatory microenvironment within the lesion, resulting in classic, intermediate, and non-classic monocytes, each with strikingly differing features. Similarly, macrophages may also adopt heterogeneous profiles being mainly M1 and M2, the former showing a proinflammatory profile while the latter demonstrates anti-inflammatory traits; they are further subdivided in several subtypes with more specialized functions. Furthermore, macrophages may display plasticity by dynamically shifting between phenotypes in response to specific signals. Each of these distinct cell profiles is associated with diverse biomarkers which may be exploited for therapeutic intervention, including IL-10, IL-13, PPAR-γ, LXR, NLRP3 inflammasomes, and microRNAs. Direct modulation of the molecular pathways concerning these potential macrophage-related targets represents a promising field for new therapeutic alternatives in atherosclerosis and CVD. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2015 2015-09-27 /pmc/articles/PMC4600540/ /pubmed/26491604 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/851252 Text en Copyright © 2015 Joselyn Rojas et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Review Article
Rojas, Joselyn
Salazar, Juan
Martínez, María Sofía
Palmar, Jim
Bautista, Jordan
Chávez-Castillo, Mervin
Gómez, Alexis
Bermúdez, Valmore
Macrophage Heterogeneity and Plasticity: Impact of Macrophage Biomarkers on Atherosclerosis
title Macrophage Heterogeneity and Plasticity: Impact of Macrophage Biomarkers on Atherosclerosis
title_full Macrophage Heterogeneity and Plasticity: Impact of Macrophage Biomarkers on Atherosclerosis
title_fullStr Macrophage Heterogeneity and Plasticity: Impact of Macrophage Biomarkers on Atherosclerosis
title_full_unstemmed Macrophage Heterogeneity and Plasticity: Impact of Macrophage Biomarkers on Atherosclerosis
title_short Macrophage Heterogeneity and Plasticity: Impact of Macrophage Biomarkers on Atherosclerosis
title_sort macrophage heterogeneity and plasticity: impact of macrophage biomarkers on atherosclerosis
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4600540/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26491604
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/851252
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