Silica coating influences the corona and biokinetics of cerium oxide nanoparticles

BACKGROUND: The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) influence their biological outcomes. METHODS: We assessed the effects of an amorphous silica coating on the pharmacokinetics and pulmonary effects of CeO(2) NPs following intratracheal (IT) instillation, gavage and intravenous injection in rats. Uncoated and silica-coated CeO(2) NPs were generated by flame spray pyrolysis and later neutron-activated. These radioactive NPs were IT-instilled, gavaged, or intravenously (IV) injected in rats. Animals were analyzed over 28 days post-IT, 7 days post-gavage and 2 days post-injection. RESULTS: Our data indicate that silica coating caused more but transient lung inflammation compared to uncoated CeO(2). The transient inflammation of silica-coated CeO(2) was accompanied by its enhanced clearance. Then, from 7 to 28 days, clearance was similar although significantly more (141)Ce from silica-coated (35 %) was cleared than from uncoated (19 %) (141)CeO(2) in 28 days. The protein coronas of the two NPs were significantly different when they were incubated with alveolar lining fluid. Despite more rapid clearance from the lungs, the extrapulmonary (141)Ce from silica-coated (141)CeO(2) was still minimal (<1 %) although lower than from uncoated (141)CeO(2) NPs. Post-gavage, nearly 100 % of both NPs were excreted in the feces consistent with very low gut absorption. Both IV-injected (141)CeO(2) NP types were primarily retained in the liver and spleen. The silica coating significantly altered the plasma protein corona composition and enhanced retention of (141)Ce in other organs except the liver. CONCLUSION: We conclude that silica coating of nanoceria alters the biodistribution of cerium likely due to modifications in protein corona formation after IT and IV administration.