Sarcoidosis Occurring After Lymphoma: Report of 14 Patients and Review of the Literature

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease that most frequently affects the lungs with pulmonary infiltrates and/or bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. An association of sarcoidosis and lymphoproliferative disease has previously been reported as the sarcoidosis-lymphoma syndrome. Although this syndrome is characterized by sarcoidosis preceding lymphoma, very few cases of sarcoidosis following lymphoma have been reported. We describe the clinical, biological, and radiological characteristics and outcome of 39 patients presenting with sarcoidosis following lymphoproliferative disease, including 14 previously unreported cases and 25 additional patients, after performing a literature review. Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma were equally represented. The median delay between lymphoma and sarcoidosis was 18 months. Only 16 patients (41%) required treatment. Sarcoidosis was of mild intensity or self-healing in most cases, and overall clinical response to sarcoidosis was excellent with complete clinical response in 91% of patients. Sarcoidosis was identified after a follow-up computerized tomography scan (CT-scan) or (18)fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computerized tomography ((18)FDG-PET/CT) evaluation in 18/34 patients (53%). Sarcoidosis is therefore a differential diagnosis to consider when lymphoma relapse is suspected on a CT-scan or (18)FDG-PET/CT, emphasizing the necessity to rely on histological confirmation of lymphoma relapse.