Gas Evolution in Operating Lithium-Ion Batteries Studied In Situ by Neutron Imaging

Gas generation as a result of electrolyte decomposition is one of the major issues of high-performance rechargeable batteries. Here, we report the direct observation of gassing in operating lithium-ion batteries using neutron imaging. This technique can be used to obtain qualitative as well as quantitative information by applying a new analysis approach. Special emphasis is placed on high voltage LiNi(0.5)Mn(1.5)O(4)/graphite pouch cells. Continuous gassing due to oxidation and reduction of electrolyte solvents is observed. To separate gas evolution reactions occurring on the anode from those associated with the cathode interface and to gain more insight into the gassing behavior of LiNi(0.5)Mn(1.5)O(4)/graphite cells, neutron experiments were also conducted systematically on other cathode/anode combinations, including LiFePO(4)/graphite, LiNi(0.5)Mn(1.5)O(4)/Li(4)Ti(5)O(12) and LiFePO(4)/Li(4)Ti(5)O(12). In addition, the data were supported by gas pressure measurements. The results suggest that metal dissolution in the electrolyte and decomposition products resulting from the high potentials adversely affect the gas generation, particularly in the first charge cycle (i.e., during graphite solid-electrolyte interface layer formation).