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Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies

OBJECTIVE: To inform international research and policy, we conducted a meta-analysis of the experimental literature on pictorial cigarette pack warnings. DATA SOURCES: We systematically searched 7 computerised databases in April 2013 using several search terms. We also searched reference lists of re...

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Autores principales: Noar, Seth M, Hall, Marissa G, Francis, Diane B, Ribisl, Kurt M, Pepper, Jessica K, Brewer, Noel T
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BMJ Publishing Group 2016
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4636492/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25948713
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051978
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author Noar, Seth M
Hall, Marissa G
Francis, Diane B
Ribisl, Kurt M
Pepper, Jessica K
Brewer, Noel T
author_facet Noar, Seth M
Hall, Marissa G
Francis, Diane B
Ribisl, Kurt M
Pepper, Jessica K
Brewer, Noel T
author_sort Noar, Seth M
collection PubMed
description OBJECTIVE: To inform international research and policy, we conducted a meta-analysis of the experimental literature on pictorial cigarette pack warnings. DATA SOURCES: We systematically searched 7 computerised databases in April 2013 using several search terms. We also searched reference lists of relevant articles. STUDY SELECTION: We included studies that used an experimental protocol to test cigarette pack warnings and reported data on both pictorial and text-only conditions. 37 studies with data on 48 independent samples (N=33 613) met criteria. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two independent coders coded all study characteristics. Effect sizes were computed from data extracted from study reports and were combined using random effects meta-analytic procedures. RESULTS: Pictorial warnings were more effective than text-only warnings for 12 of 17 effectiveness outcomes (all p<0.05). Relative to text-only warnings, pictorial warnings (1) attracted and held attention better; (2) garnered stronger cognitive and emotional reactions; (3) elicited more negative pack attitudes and negative smoking attitudes and (4) more effectively increased intentions to not start smoking and to quit smoking. Participants also perceived pictorial warnings as being more effective than text-only warnings across all 8 perceived effectiveness outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence from this international body of literature supports pictorial cigarette pack warnings as more effective than text-only warnings. Gaps in the literature include a lack of assessment of smoking behaviour and a dearth of theory-based research on how warnings exert their effects.
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spelling pubmed-46364922016-05-01 Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies Noar, Seth M Hall, Marissa G Francis, Diane B Ribisl, Kurt M Pepper, Jessica K Brewer, Noel T Tob Control Review OBJECTIVE: To inform international research and policy, we conducted a meta-analysis of the experimental literature on pictorial cigarette pack warnings. DATA SOURCES: We systematically searched 7 computerised databases in April 2013 using several search terms. We also searched reference lists of relevant articles. STUDY SELECTION: We included studies that used an experimental protocol to test cigarette pack warnings and reported data on both pictorial and text-only conditions. 37 studies with data on 48 independent samples (N=33 613) met criteria. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two independent coders coded all study characteristics. Effect sizes were computed from data extracted from study reports and were combined using random effects meta-analytic procedures. RESULTS: Pictorial warnings were more effective than text-only warnings for 12 of 17 effectiveness outcomes (all p<0.05). Relative to text-only warnings, pictorial warnings (1) attracted and held attention better; (2) garnered stronger cognitive and emotional reactions; (3) elicited more negative pack attitudes and negative smoking attitudes and (4) more effectively increased intentions to not start smoking and to quit smoking. Participants also perceived pictorial warnings as being more effective than text-only warnings across all 8 perceived effectiveness outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence from this international body of literature supports pictorial cigarette pack warnings as more effective than text-only warnings. Gaps in the literature include a lack of assessment of smoking behaviour and a dearth of theory-based research on how warnings exert their effects. BMJ Publishing Group 2016-05 2015-05-06 /pmc/articles/PMC4636492/ /pubmed/25948713 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051978 Text en Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/ This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
spellingShingle Review
Noar, Seth M
Hall, Marissa G
Francis, Diane B
Ribisl, Kurt M
Pepper, Jessica K
Brewer, Noel T
Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies
title Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies
title_full Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies
title_fullStr Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies
title_full_unstemmed Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies
title_short Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies
title_sort pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4636492/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25948713
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051978
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