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Diversity of extracellular vesicles in human ejaculates revealed by cryo-electron microscopy
Human ejaculates contain extracellular vesicles (EVs), that to a large extent are considered to originate from the prostate gland, and are often denominated “prostasomes.” These EVs are important for human fertility, for example by promoting sperm motility and by inducing immune tolerance of the fem...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Co-Action Publishing
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4643196/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26563734 http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v4.28680 |
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author | Höög, Johanna L. Lötvall, Jan |
author_facet | Höög, Johanna L. Lötvall, Jan |
author_sort | Höög, Johanna L. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Human ejaculates contain extracellular vesicles (EVs), that to a large extent are considered to originate from the prostate gland, and are often denominated “prostasomes.” These EVs are important for human fertility, for example by promoting sperm motility and by inducing immune tolerance of the female immune system to the spermatozoa. So far, the EVs present in human ejaculate have not been studied in their native state, inside the seminal fluid without prior purification and isolation procedures. Using cryo-electron microscopy and tomography, we performed a comprehensive inventory of human ejaculate EVs. The sample was neither centrifuged, fixed, filtered or sectioned, nor were heavy metals added. Approximately 1,500 extracellular structures were imaged and categorized. The extracellular environment of human ejaculate was found to be diverse, with 5 major subcategories of EVs and 6 subcategories of extracellular membrane compartments, including lamellar bodies. Furthermore, 3 morphological features, including electron density, double membrane bilayers and coated surface, are described in all subcategories. This study reveals that the extracellular environment in human ejaculate is multifaceted. Several novel morphological EV subcategories are identified and clues to their cellular origin may be found in their morphology. This inventory is therefore important for developing future experimental approaches, and to interpret previously published data to understand the role of EVs for human male fertility. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4643196 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | Co-Action Publishing |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-46431962015-12-10 Diversity of extracellular vesicles in human ejaculates revealed by cryo-electron microscopy Höög, Johanna L. Lötvall, Jan J Extracell Vesicles Original Research Article Human ejaculates contain extracellular vesicles (EVs), that to a large extent are considered to originate from the prostate gland, and are often denominated “prostasomes.” These EVs are important for human fertility, for example by promoting sperm motility and by inducing immune tolerance of the female immune system to the spermatozoa. So far, the EVs present in human ejaculate have not been studied in their native state, inside the seminal fluid without prior purification and isolation procedures. Using cryo-electron microscopy and tomography, we performed a comprehensive inventory of human ejaculate EVs. The sample was neither centrifuged, fixed, filtered or sectioned, nor were heavy metals added. Approximately 1,500 extracellular structures were imaged and categorized. The extracellular environment of human ejaculate was found to be diverse, with 5 major subcategories of EVs and 6 subcategories of extracellular membrane compartments, including lamellar bodies. Furthermore, 3 morphological features, including electron density, double membrane bilayers and coated surface, are described in all subcategories. This study reveals that the extracellular environment in human ejaculate is multifaceted. Several novel morphological EV subcategories are identified and clues to their cellular origin may be found in their morphology. This inventory is therefore important for developing future experimental approaches, and to interpret previously published data to understand the role of EVs for human male fertility. Co-Action Publishing 2015-11-11 /pmc/articles/PMC4643196/ /pubmed/26563734 http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v4.28680 Text en © 2015 Johanna L. Höög and Jan Lötvall http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Original Research Article Höög, Johanna L. Lötvall, Jan Diversity of extracellular vesicles in human ejaculates revealed by cryo-electron microscopy |
title | Diversity of extracellular vesicles in human ejaculates revealed by cryo-electron microscopy |
title_full | Diversity of extracellular vesicles in human ejaculates revealed by cryo-electron microscopy |
title_fullStr | Diversity of extracellular vesicles in human ejaculates revealed by cryo-electron microscopy |
title_full_unstemmed | Diversity of extracellular vesicles in human ejaculates revealed by cryo-electron microscopy |
title_short | Diversity of extracellular vesicles in human ejaculates revealed by cryo-electron microscopy |
title_sort | diversity of extracellular vesicles in human ejaculates revealed by cryo-electron microscopy |
topic | Original Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4643196/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26563734 http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v4.28680 |
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