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Three in One—Multiple Faunal Elements within an Endangered European Butterfly Species

Ice ages within Europe forced many species to retreat to refugia, of which three major biogeographic basic types can be distinguished: "Mediterranean", "Continental" and "Alpine / Arctic" species. However, this classification often fails to explain the complex phylogeog...

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Autores principales: Junker, Marius, Zimmermann, Marie, Ramos, Ana A., Gros, Patrick, Konvička, Martin, Nève, Gabriel, Rákosy, László, Tammaru, Toomas, Castilho, Rita, Schmitt, Thomas
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4643965/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566029
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142282
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author Junker, Marius
Zimmermann, Marie
Ramos, Ana A.
Gros, Patrick
Konvička, Martin
Nève, Gabriel
Rákosy, László
Tammaru, Toomas
Castilho, Rita
Schmitt, Thomas
author_facet Junker, Marius
Zimmermann, Marie
Ramos, Ana A.
Gros, Patrick
Konvička, Martin
Nève, Gabriel
Rákosy, László
Tammaru, Toomas
Castilho, Rita
Schmitt, Thomas
author_sort Junker, Marius
collection PubMed
description Ice ages within Europe forced many species to retreat to refugia, of which three major biogeographic basic types can be distinguished: "Mediterranean", "Continental" and "Alpine / Arctic" species. However, this classification often fails to explain the complex phylogeography of European species with a wide range of latitudinal and altitudinal distribution. Hence, we tested for the possibility that all three mentioned faunal elements are represented within one species. Our data was obtained by scoring 1,307 Euphydryas aurinia individuals (46 European locations) for 17 allozyme loci, and sequencing a subset of 492 individuals (21 sites) for a 626 base pairs COI fragment. Genetic diversity indices, F statistics, hierarchical analyses of molecular variance, individual-based clustering, and networks were used to explore the phylogeographic patterns. The COI fragment represented 18 haplotypes showing a strong geographic structure. All but one allozyme loci analysed were polymorphic with a mean F (ST) of 0.20, supporting a pronounced among population structure. Interpretation of both genetic marker systems, using several analytical tools, calls for the recognition of twelve genetic groups. These analyses consistently distinguished different groups in Iberia (2), Italy, Provence, Alps (3), Slovenia, Carpathian Basin, the lowlands of West and Central Europe as well as Estonia, often with considerable additional substructures. The genetic data strongly support the hypothesis that E. aurinia survived the last glaciation in Mediterranean, extra-Mediterranean and perialpine refugia. It is thus a rare example of a model organism that combines attributes of faunal elements from all three of these sources. The observed differences between allozymes and mtDNA most likely result from recent introgression of mtDNA into nuclear allozyme groups. Our results indicate discrepancies with the morphologically-based subspecies models, underlining the need to revise the current taxonomy.
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spelling pubmed-46439652015-11-18 Three in One—Multiple Faunal Elements within an Endangered European Butterfly Species Junker, Marius Zimmermann, Marie Ramos, Ana A. Gros, Patrick Konvička, Martin Nève, Gabriel Rákosy, László Tammaru, Toomas Castilho, Rita Schmitt, Thomas PLoS One Research Article Ice ages within Europe forced many species to retreat to refugia, of which three major biogeographic basic types can be distinguished: "Mediterranean", "Continental" and "Alpine / Arctic" species. However, this classification often fails to explain the complex phylogeography of European species with a wide range of latitudinal and altitudinal distribution. Hence, we tested for the possibility that all three mentioned faunal elements are represented within one species. Our data was obtained by scoring 1,307 Euphydryas aurinia individuals (46 European locations) for 17 allozyme loci, and sequencing a subset of 492 individuals (21 sites) for a 626 base pairs COI fragment. Genetic diversity indices, F statistics, hierarchical analyses of molecular variance, individual-based clustering, and networks were used to explore the phylogeographic patterns. The COI fragment represented 18 haplotypes showing a strong geographic structure. All but one allozyme loci analysed were polymorphic with a mean F (ST) of 0.20, supporting a pronounced among population structure. Interpretation of both genetic marker systems, using several analytical tools, calls for the recognition of twelve genetic groups. These analyses consistently distinguished different groups in Iberia (2), Italy, Provence, Alps (3), Slovenia, Carpathian Basin, the lowlands of West and Central Europe as well as Estonia, often with considerable additional substructures. The genetic data strongly support the hypothesis that E. aurinia survived the last glaciation in Mediterranean, extra-Mediterranean and perialpine refugia. It is thus a rare example of a model organism that combines attributes of faunal elements from all three of these sources. The observed differences between allozymes and mtDNA most likely result from recent introgression of mtDNA into nuclear allozyme groups. Our results indicate discrepancies with the morphologically-based subspecies models, underlining the need to revise the current taxonomy. Public Library of Science 2015-11-13 /pmc/articles/PMC4643965/ /pubmed/26566029 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142282 Text en © 2015 Junker et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Junker, Marius
Zimmermann, Marie
Ramos, Ana A.
Gros, Patrick
Konvička, Martin
Nève, Gabriel
Rákosy, László
Tammaru, Toomas
Castilho, Rita
Schmitt, Thomas
Three in One—Multiple Faunal Elements within an Endangered European Butterfly Species
title Three in One—Multiple Faunal Elements within an Endangered European Butterfly Species
title_full Three in One—Multiple Faunal Elements within an Endangered European Butterfly Species
title_fullStr Three in One—Multiple Faunal Elements within an Endangered European Butterfly Species
title_full_unstemmed Three in One—Multiple Faunal Elements within an Endangered European Butterfly Species
title_short Three in One—Multiple Faunal Elements within an Endangered European Butterfly Species
title_sort three in one—multiple faunal elements within an endangered european butterfly species
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4643965/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566029
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142282
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