Standardization of (68)Ge/(68)Ga Using Three Liquid Scintillation Counting Based Methods

A solution containing (68)Ge in equilibrium with its daughter, (68)Ga, has been standardized for the first time at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) using 3 liquid scintillation-based techniques: live-timed 4πβ -γ anticoincidence (LTAC) counting, the Triple-to-Double Coincidence Ratio (TDCR) method, and (3)H-standard efficiency tracing with the CIEMAT(1)/NIST (CNET) method. The LTAC technique is much less dependent on level scheme data and model-dependent parameters and was thus able to provide a reference activity concentration value for the master solution with a combined standard uncertainty of about 0.3 %. The other two methods gave activity concentration values with respective differences from the reference value of +1.2 % and −1.5 %, which were still within the experimental uncertainties. Measurements made on the NIST “4π”γ secondary standard ionization chamber allowed for the determination of calibration factors for that instrument, allowing future calibrations to be made for (68)Ge/(68)Ga without the need for a primary measurement. The ability to produce standardized solutions of (68)Ge presents opportunities for the development of a number of NIST-traceable calibration sources with very low (<1 %) relative standard uncertainties that can be used in diagnostic medical imaging.