β2-adrenoceptor signaling regulates invadopodia formation to enhance tumor cell invasion

INTRODUCTION: For efficient metastatic dissemination, tumor cells form invadopodia to degrade and move through three-dimensional extracellular matrix. However, little is known about the conditions that favor invadopodia formation. Here, we investigated the effect of β-adrenoceptor signaling - which allows cells to respond to stress neurotransmitters - on the formation of invadopodia and examined the effect on tumor cell invasion. METHODS: To characterize the molecular and cellular mechanisms of β-adrenergic signaling on the invasive properties of breast cancer cells, we used functional cellular assays to quantify invadopodia formation and to evaluate cell invasion in two-dimensional and three-dimensional environments. The functional significance of β-adrenergic regulation of invadopodia was investigated in an orthotopic mouse model of spontaneous breast cancer metastasis. RESULTS: β-adrenoceptor activation increased the frequency of invadopodia-positive tumor cells and the number of invadopodia per cell. The effects were selectively mediated by the β(2)-adrenoceptor subtype, which signaled through the canonical Src pathway to regulate invadopodia formation. Increased invadopodia occurred at the expense of focal adhesion formation, resulting in a switch to increased tumor cell invasion through three-dimensional extracellular matrix. β(2)-adrenoceptor signaling increased invasion of tumor cells from explanted primary tumors through surrounding extracellular matrix, suggesting a possible mechanism for the observed increased spontaneous tumor cell dissemination in vivo. Selective antagonism of β(2)-adrenoceptors blocked invadopodia formation, suggesting a pharmacological strategy to prevent tumor cell dissemination. CONCLUSION: These findings provide insight into conditions that control tumor cell invasion by identifying signaling through β(2)-adrenoceptors as a regulator of invadopodia formation. These findings suggest novel pharmacological strategies for intervention, by using β-blockers to target β(2)-adrenoceptors to limit tumor cell dissemination and metastasis.