Distribution and frequency of G119S mutation in ace-1 gene within Anopheles sinensis populations from Guangxi, China

BACKGROUND: Malaria is one of the most serious vector-borne diseases in the world. Vector control is an important measure for malaria prevention and elimination. However, this strategy is under threat as disease vectors are developing resistance to insecticides. Therefore, it is important to monitor mechanisms responsible for insecticide resistance. In this study, the presence of G119S mutation in the acetyl cholinesterase-encoding gene (ace-1) was investigated in nine Anopheles sinensis populations sampled across Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region China. METHODS: PCR–RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) method was used to genotype each individual adult of An. sinensis. Direct sequencing of PCR products was performed to verify the accuracy of PCR–RFLP genotyping result. Population genetics analysis was conducted using Genepop programme. RESULTS: The frequencies of susceptible homozygotes, heterozygotes and resistant homozygotes in the nine populations ranged between 0–0.296, 0.143–0.500 and 0.333–0.857, respectively. Overall, a high frequency (0.519–0.929) of mutant 119S allele was observed and the genotype frequency of the ace-1 gene of An. sinensis was at Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in each of the nine examined populations. CONCLUSION: The G119S mutation has become fixed and is widespread in An. sinensis field populations in Guangxi, China. These findings are useful in helping design strategies for An. sinensis control.