Cargando…

Improvement of Psychotic Symptoms and the Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) mediates a number of processes that are pivotal for synaptogenesis and remodeling of synapses, including proteolysis of the brain extracellular matrix, degradation of adhesion molecules, activation of neurotrophins, and activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate recept...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Hoirisch-Clapauch, Silvia, Nardi, Antonio E.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4661911/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26593907
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms161126053
_version_ 1782403074008023040
author Hoirisch-Clapauch, Silvia
Nardi, Antonio E.
author_facet Hoirisch-Clapauch, Silvia
Nardi, Antonio E.
author_sort Hoirisch-Clapauch, Silvia
collection PubMed
description Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) mediates a number of processes that are pivotal for synaptogenesis and remodeling of synapses, including proteolysis of the brain extracellular matrix, degradation of adhesion molecules, activation of neurotrophins, and activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. Abnormalities in these processes have been consistently described in psychotic disorders. In this paper, we review the physiological roles of tPA, focusing on conditions characterized by low tPA activity, which are prevalent in schizophrenia. We then describe how tPA activity is influenced by lifestyle interventions and nutritional supplements that may ameliorate psychotic symptoms. Next, we analyze the role of tPA in the mechanism of action of hormones and medications effective in mitigating psychotic symptoms, such as pregnenolone, estrogen, oxytocin, dopamine D3 receptor antagonists, retinoic acid, valproic acid, cannabidiol, sodium nitroprusside, N-acetyl cysteine, and warfarin. We also review evidence that tPA participates in the mechanism by which electroconvulsive therapy and cigarette smoking may reduce psychotic symptoms.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-4661911
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2015
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-46619112015-12-10 Improvement of Psychotic Symptoms and the Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator Hoirisch-Clapauch, Silvia Nardi, Antonio E. Int J Mol Sci Review Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) mediates a number of processes that are pivotal for synaptogenesis and remodeling of synapses, including proteolysis of the brain extracellular matrix, degradation of adhesion molecules, activation of neurotrophins, and activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. Abnormalities in these processes have been consistently described in psychotic disorders. In this paper, we review the physiological roles of tPA, focusing on conditions characterized by low tPA activity, which are prevalent in schizophrenia. We then describe how tPA activity is influenced by lifestyle interventions and nutritional supplements that may ameliorate psychotic symptoms. Next, we analyze the role of tPA in the mechanism of action of hormones and medications effective in mitigating psychotic symptoms, such as pregnenolone, estrogen, oxytocin, dopamine D3 receptor antagonists, retinoic acid, valproic acid, cannabidiol, sodium nitroprusside, N-acetyl cysteine, and warfarin. We also review evidence that tPA participates in the mechanism by which electroconvulsive therapy and cigarette smoking may reduce psychotic symptoms. MDPI 2015-11-18 /pmc/articles/PMC4661911/ /pubmed/26593907 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms161126053 Text en © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Hoirisch-Clapauch, Silvia
Nardi, Antonio E.
Improvement of Psychotic Symptoms and the Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator
title Improvement of Psychotic Symptoms and the Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator
title_full Improvement of Psychotic Symptoms and the Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator
title_fullStr Improvement of Psychotic Symptoms and the Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator
title_full_unstemmed Improvement of Psychotic Symptoms and the Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator
title_short Improvement of Psychotic Symptoms and the Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator
title_sort improvement of psychotic symptoms and the role of tissue plasminogen activator
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4661911/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26593907
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms161126053
work_keys_str_mv AT hoirischclapauchsilvia improvementofpsychoticsymptomsandtheroleoftissueplasminogenactivator
AT nardiantonioe improvementofpsychoticsymptomsandtheroleoftissueplasminogenactivator