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Improvement of Psychotic Symptoms and the Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) mediates a number of processes that are pivotal for synaptogenesis and remodeling of synapses, including proteolysis of the brain extracellular matrix, degradation of adhesion molecules, activation of neurotrophins, and activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate recept...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4661911/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26593907 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms161126053 |
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author | Hoirisch-Clapauch, Silvia Nardi, Antonio E. |
author_facet | Hoirisch-Clapauch, Silvia Nardi, Antonio E. |
author_sort | Hoirisch-Clapauch, Silvia |
collection | PubMed |
description | Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) mediates a number of processes that are pivotal for synaptogenesis and remodeling of synapses, including proteolysis of the brain extracellular matrix, degradation of adhesion molecules, activation of neurotrophins, and activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. Abnormalities in these processes have been consistently described in psychotic disorders. In this paper, we review the physiological roles of tPA, focusing on conditions characterized by low tPA activity, which are prevalent in schizophrenia. We then describe how tPA activity is influenced by lifestyle interventions and nutritional supplements that may ameliorate psychotic symptoms. Next, we analyze the role of tPA in the mechanism of action of hormones and medications effective in mitigating psychotic symptoms, such as pregnenolone, estrogen, oxytocin, dopamine D3 receptor antagonists, retinoic acid, valproic acid, cannabidiol, sodium nitroprusside, N-acetyl cysteine, and warfarin. We also review evidence that tPA participates in the mechanism by which electroconvulsive therapy and cigarette smoking may reduce psychotic symptoms. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4661911 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-46619112015-12-10 Improvement of Psychotic Symptoms and the Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator Hoirisch-Clapauch, Silvia Nardi, Antonio E. Int J Mol Sci Review Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) mediates a number of processes that are pivotal for synaptogenesis and remodeling of synapses, including proteolysis of the brain extracellular matrix, degradation of adhesion molecules, activation of neurotrophins, and activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. Abnormalities in these processes have been consistently described in psychotic disorders. In this paper, we review the physiological roles of tPA, focusing on conditions characterized by low tPA activity, which are prevalent in schizophrenia. We then describe how tPA activity is influenced by lifestyle interventions and nutritional supplements that may ameliorate psychotic symptoms. Next, we analyze the role of tPA in the mechanism of action of hormones and medications effective in mitigating psychotic symptoms, such as pregnenolone, estrogen, oxytocin, dopamine D3 receptor antagonists, retinoic acid, valproic acid, cannabidiol, sodium nitroprusside, N-acetyl cysteine, and warfarin. We also review evidence that tPA participates in the mechanism by which electroconvulsive therapy and cigarette smoking may reduce psychotic symptoms. MDPI 2015-11-18 /pmc/articles/PMC4661911/ /pubmed/26593907 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms161126053 Text en © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Hoirisch-Clapauch, Silvia Nardi, Antonio E. Improvement of Psychotic Symptoms and the Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator |
title | Improvement of Psychotic Symptoms and the Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator |
title_full | Improvement of Psychotic Symptoms and the Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator |
title_fullStr | Improvement of Psychotic Symptoms and the Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator |
title_full_unstemmed | Improvement of Psychotic Symptoms and the Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator |
title_short | Improvement of Psychotic Symptoms and the Role of Tissue Plasminogen Activator |
title_sort | improvement of psychotic symptoms and the role of tissue plasminogen activator |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4661911/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26593907 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms161126053 |
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