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The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review
The human population is growing, requiring more space for food production, and needing more animals to feed it. Emerging infectious diseases are increasing, causing losses in both human and animal lives, as well as large costs to society. Many factors are contributing to disease emergence, including...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Co-Action Publishing
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4663196/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26615822 http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/iee.v5.30048 |
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author | Lindahl, Johanna F. Grace, Delia |
author_facet | Lindahl, Johanna F. Grace, Delia |
author_sort | Lindahl, Johanna F. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The human population is growing, requiring more space for food production, and needing more animals to feed it. Emerging infectious diseases are increasing, causing losses in both human and animal lives, as well as large costs to society. Many factors are contributing to disease emergence, including climate change, globalization and urbanization, and most of these factors are to some extent caused by humans. Pathogens may be more or less prone to emergence in themselves, and rapidly mutating viruses are more common among the emerging pathogens. The climate-sensitive vector-borne diseases are likely to be emerging due to climate changes and environmental changes, such as increased irrigation. This review lists the factors within pathogens that make them prone to emergence, and the modes of transmission that are affected. The anthropogenic changes contributing to disease emergence are described, as well as how they directly and indirectly cause either increased numbers of susceptible or exposed individuals, or cause increased infectivity. Many actions may have multiple direct or indirect effects, and it may be difficult to assess what the consequences may be. In addition, most anthropogenic drivers are related to desired activities, such as logging, irrigation, trade, and travelling, which the society is requiring. It is important to research more about the indirect and direct effects of the different actions to understand both the benefits and the risks. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4663196 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | Co-Action Publishing |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-46631962015-12-10 The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review Lindahl, Johanna F. Grace, Delia Infect Ecol Epidemiol Review Article The human population is growing, requiring more space for food production, and needing more animals to feed it. Emerging infectious diseases are increasing, causing losses in both human and animal lives, as well as large costs to society. Many factors are contributing to disease emergence, including climate change, globalization and urbanization, and most of these factors are to some extent caused by humans. Pathogens may be more or less prone to emergence in themselves, and rapidly mutating viruses are more common among the emerging pathogens. The climate-sensitive vector-borne diseases are likely to be emerging due to climate changes and environmental changes, such as increased irrigation. This review lists the factors within pathogens that make them prone to emergence, and the modes of transmission that are affected. The anthropogenic changes contributing to disease emergence are described, as well as how they directly and indirectly cause either increased numbers of susceptible or exposed individuals, or cause increased infectivity. Many actions may have multiple direct or indirect effects, and it may be difficult to assess what the consequences may be. In addition, most anthropogenic drivers are related to desired activities, such as logging, irrigation, trade, and travelling, which the society is requiring. It is important to research more about the indirect and direct effects of the different actions to understand both the benefits and the risks. Co-Action Publishing 2015-11-27 /pmc/articles/PMC4663196/ /pubmed/26615822 http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/iee.v5.30048 Text en © 2015 Johanna F. Lindahl and Delia Grace http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Lindahl, Johanna F. Grace, Delia The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review |
title | The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review |
title_full | The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review |
title_fullStr | The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review |
title_full_unstemmed | The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review |
title_short | The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review |
title_sort | consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4663196/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26615822 http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/iee.v5.30048 |
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