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Circulating HMGB1 and RAGE as Clinical Biomarkers in Malignant and Autoimmune Diseases
High molecular group box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved member of the HMG-box-family; abundantly expressed in almost all human cells and released in apoptosis; necrosis or by activated immune cells. Once in the extracellular space, HMGB1 can act as a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP), thus...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2015
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4665591/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26854151 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics5020219 |
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author | Pilzweger, Christin Holdenrieder, Stefan |
author_facet | Pilzweger, Christin Holdenrieder, Stefan |
author_sort | Pilzweger, Christin |
collection | PubMed |
description | High molecular group box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved member of the HMG-box-family; abundantly expressed in almost all human cells and released in apoptosis; necrosis or by activated immune cells. Once in the extracellular space, HMGB1 can act as a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP), thus stimulating or inhibiting certain functions of the immune system; depending on the “combinatorial cocktail” of the surrounding milieu. HMGB1 exerts its various functions through binding to a multitude of membrane-bound receptors such as TLR-2; -4 and -9; IL-1 and RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products); partly complex-bound with intracellular fragments like nucleosomes. Soluble RAGE in the extracellular space, however, acts as a decoy receptor by binding to HMGB1 and inhibiting its effects. This review aims to outline today’s knowledge of structure, intra- and extracellular functions including mechanisms of release and finally the clinical relevance of HMGB1 and RAGE as clinical biomarkers in therapy monitoring, prediction and prognosis of malignant and autoimmune disease. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4665591 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-46655912016-01-27 Circulating HMGB1 and RAGE as Clinical Biomarkers in Malignant and Autoimmune Diseases Pilzweger, Christin Holdenrieder, Stefan Diagnostics (Basel) Review High molecular group box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved member of the HMG-box-family; abundantly expressed in almost all human cells and released in apoptosis; necrosis or by activated immune cells. Once in the extracellular space, HMGB1 can act as a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP), thus stimulating or inhibiting certain functions of the immune system; depending on the “combinatorial cocktail” of the surrounding milieu. HMGB1 exerts its various functions through binding to a multitude of membrane-bound receptors such as TLR-2; -4 and -9; IL-1 and RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products); partly complex-bound with intracellular fragments like nucleosomes. Soluble RAGE in the extracellular space, however, acts as a decoy receptor by binding to HMGB1 and inhibiting its effects. This review aims to outline today’s knowledge of structure, intra- and extracellular functions including mechanisms of release and finally the clinical relevance of HMGB1 and RAGE as clinical biomarkers in therapy monitoring, prediction and prognosis of malignant and autoimmune disease. MDPI 2015-06-16 /pmc/articles/PMC4665591/ /pubmed/26854151 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics5020219 Text en © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Pilzweger, Christin Holdenrieder, Stefan Circulating HMGB1 and RAGE as Clinical Biomarkers in Malignant and Autoimmune Diseases |
title | Circulating HMGB1 and RAGE as Clinical Biomarkers in Malignant and Autoimmune Diseases |
title_full | Circulating HMGB1 and RAGE as Clinical Biomarkers in Malignant and Autoimmune Diseases |
title_fullStr | Circulating HMGB1 and RAGE as Clinical Biomarkers in Malignant and Autoimmune Diseases |
title_full_unstemmed | Circulating HMGB1 and RAGE as Clinical Biomarkers in Malignant and Autoimmune Diseases |
title_short | Circulating HMGB1 and RAGE as Clinical Biomarkers in Malignant and Autoimmune Diseases |
title_sort | circulating hmgb1 and rage as clinical biomarkers in malignant and autoimmune diseases |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4665591/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26854151 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics5020219 |
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