Ultrafine ferroferric oxide nanoparticles embedded into mesoporous carbon nanotubes for lithium ion batteries

An effective one-pot hydrothermal method for in situ filling of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (CNT, diameter of 20–40 nm, length of 30–100 μm) with ultrafine ferroferric oxide (Fe(3)O(4)) nanoparticles (8–10 nm) has been demonstrated. The synthesized Fe(3)O(4)@CNT exhibited a mesoporous texture with a specific surface area of 109.4 m(2) g(−1). The loading of CNT, in terms of the weight ratio of Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles, can reach as high as 66.5 wt%. Compared to the conventional method of using a Al(2)O(3) membrane as template to fill CNT with iron oxides nanoparticles, our strategy is facile, effective, low cost and easy to scale up to large scale production (~1.42 g per one-pot). When evaluated for lithium storage at 1.0 C (1 C = 928 mA g(−1)), the mesoporous Fe(3)O(4)@CNT can retain at 358.9 mAh g(−1) after 60 cycles. Even when cycled at high rate of 20 C, high capacity of 275.2 mAh g(−1) could still be achieved. At high rate (10 C) and long life cycling (500 cycles), the cells still exhibit a good capacity of 137.5 mAhg(−1).