Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering Deposition of TiO(2) Thin Films and Their Perovskite Solar Cell Applications

In this work, we report a physical deposition based, compact (cp) layer synthesis for planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. Typical solution-based synthesis of cp layer for perovskite solar cells involves low-quality of thin films, high-temperature annealing, non-flexible devices, limitation of large-scale production and that the effects of the cp layer on carrier transport have not been fully understood. In this research, using radio frequency magnetron sputtering (RFMS), TiO(2) cp layers were fabricated and the thickness could be controlled by deposition time; CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3) films were prepared by evaporation & immersion (E & I) method, in which PbI(2) films made by thermal evaporation technique were immersed in CH(3)NH(3)I solution. The devices exhibit power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.1% and the photovoltaic performance can maintain 77% of its initial PCE after 1440 h. The method developed in this study has the capability of fabricating large active area devices (40 × 40 mm(2)) showing a promising PCE of 4.8%. Low temperature and flexible devices were realized and a PCE of 8.9% was obtained on the PET/ITO substrates. These approaches could be used in thin film based solar cells which require high-quality films leading to reduced fabrication cost and improved device performance.