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Cellular dynamics underlying regeneration of appropriate segment number during axolotl tail regeneration
BACKGROUND: Salamanders regenerate their tails after amputation anywhere along their length. How the system faithfully reconstitutes the original number of segments and length is not yet known. METHODS: To gain quantitative insight into how the system regenerates the appropriate length, we amputated...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673748/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26647066 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12861-015-0098-1 |
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author | Vincent, Carr D. Rost, Fabian Masselink, Wouter Brusch, Lutz Tanaka, Elly M. |
author_facet | Vincent, Carr D. Rost, Fabian Masselink, Wouter Brusch, Lutz Tanaka, Elly M. |
author_sort | Vincent, Carr D. |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Salamanders regenerate their tails after amputation anywhere along their length. How the system faithfully reconstitutes the original number of segments and length is not yet known. METHODS: To gain quantitative insight into how the system regenerates the appropriate length, we amputated tails at 4 or 16 myotomes post-cloaca and measured blastema size, cell cycle kinetics via cumulative Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and the method of Nowakowski, and myotome differentiation rate. RESULTS: In early stages until day 15, blastema cells were all proliferative and divided at the same rate at both amputation levels. A larger blastema was formed in 4th versus 16th myotome amputations indicating a larger founding population. Myotome differentiation started at the same timepoint in the 4th and 16 th level blastemas. The rate of myotome formation was more rapid in 4th myotome blastemas so that by day 21 the residual blastema from the two amputation levels achieved equivalent size. At that time point, only a fraction of blastema cells remain in cycle, with the 4th myotome blastema harboring double the number of cycling cells as the 16th myotome blastema allowing it to grow faster and further reconstitute the larger number of missing myotomes. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that there are two separable phases of blastema growth. The first is level-independent, with cells displaying unrestrained proliferation. In the second phase, the level-specific growth is revealed, where differing fractions of cells remain in the cell cycle over time. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4673748 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-46737482015-12-10 Cellular dynamics underlying regeneration of appropriate segment number during axolotl tail regeneration Vincent, Carr D. Rost, Fabian Masselink, Wouter Brusch, Lutz Tanaka, Elly M. BMC Dev Biol Research Article BACKGROUND: Salamanders regenerate their tails after amputation anywhere along their length. How the system faithfully reconstitutes the original number of segments and length is not yet known. METHODS: To gain quantitative insight into how the system regenerates the appropriate length, we amputated tails at 4 or 16 myotomes post-cloaca and measured blastema size, cell cycle kinetics via cumulative Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and the method of Nowakowski, and myotome differentiation rate. RESULTS: In early stages until day 15, blastema cells were all proliferative and divided at the same rate at both amputation levels. A larger blastema was formed in 4th versus 16th myotome amputations indicating a larger founding population. Myotome differentiation started at the same timepoint in the 4th and 16 th level blastemas. The rate of myotome formation was more rapid in 4th myotome blastemas so that by day 21 the residual blastema from the two amputation levels achieved equivalent size. At that time point, only a fraction of blastema cells remain in cycle, with the 4th myotome blastema harboring double the number of cycling cells as the 16th myotome blastema allowing it to grow faster and further reconstitute the larger number of missing myotomes. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that there are two separable phases of blastema growth. The first is level-independent, with cells displaying unrestrained proliferation. In the second phase, the level-specific growth is revealed, where differing fractions of cells remain in the cell cycle over time. BioMed Central 2015-12-09 /pmc/articles/PMC4673748/ /pubmed/26647066 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12861-015-0098-1 Text en © Vincent et al. 2015 Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Vincent, Carr D. Rost, Fabian Masselink, Wouter Brusch, Lutz Tanaka, Elly M. Cellular dynamics underlying regeneration of appropriate segment number during axolotl tail regeneration |
title | Cellular dynamics underlying regeneration of appropriate segment number during axolotl tail regeneration |
title_full | Cellular dynamics underlying regeneration of appropriate segment number during axolotl tail regeneration |
title_fullStr | Cellular dynamics underlying regeneration of appropriate segment number during axolotl tail regeneration |
title_full_unstemmed | Cellular dynamics underlying regeneration of appropriate segment number during axolotl tail regeneration |
title_short | Cellular dynamics underlying regeneration of appropriate segment number during axolotl tail regeneration |
title_sort | cellular dynamics underlying regeneration of appropriate segment number during axolotl tail regeneration |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4673748/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26647066 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12861-015-0098-1 |
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