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Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts
Extreme droughts, heat waves, frosts, precipitation, wind storms and other climate extremes may impact the structure, composition and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, and thus carbon cycling and its feedbacks to the climate system. Yet, the interconnected avenues through which climate extremes...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4676934/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25752680 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12916 |
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author | Frank, Dorothea Reichstein, Markus Bahn, Michael Thonicke, Kirsten Frank, David Mahecha, Miguel D Smith, Pete van der Velde, Marijn Vicca, Sara Babst, Flurin Beer, Christian Buchmann, Nina Canadell, Josep G Ciais, Philippe Cramer, Wolfgang Ibrom, Andreas Miglietta, Franco Poulter, Ben Rammig, Anja Seneviratne, Sonia I Walz, Ariane Wattenbach, Martin Zavala, Miguel A Zscheischler, Jakob |
author_facet | Frank, Dorothea Reichstein, Markus Bahn, Michael Thonicke, Kirsten Frank, David Mahecha, Miguel D Smith, Pete van der Velde, Marijn Vicca, Sara Babst, Flurin Beer, Christian Buchmann, Nina Canadell, Josep G Ciais, Philippe Cramer, Wolfgang Ibrom, Andreas Miglietta, Franco Poulter, Ben Rammig, Anja Seneviratne, Sonia I Walz, Ariane Wattenbach, Martin Zavala, Miguel A Zscheischler, Jakob |
author_sort | Frank, Dorothea |
collection | PubMed |
description | Extreme droughts, heat waves, frosts, precipitation, wind storms and other climate extremes may impact the structure, composition and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, and thus carbon cycling and its feedbacks to the climate system. Yet, the interconnected avenues through which climate extremes drive ecological and physiological processes and alter the carbon balance are poorly understood. Here, we review the literature on carbon cycle relevant responses of ecosystems to extreme climatic events. Given that impacts of climate extremes are considered disturbances, we assume the respective general disturbance-induced mechanisms and processes to also operate in an extreme context. The paucity of well-defined studies currently renders a quantitative meta-analysis impossible, but permits us to develop a deductive framework for identifying the main mechanisms (and coupling thereof) through which climate extremes may act on the carbon cycle. We find that ecosystem responses can exceed the duration of the climate impacts via lagged effects on the carbon cycle. The expected regional impacts of future climate extremes will depend on changes in the probability and severity of their occurrence, on the compound effects and timing of different climate extremes, and on the vulnerability of each land-cover type modulated by management. Although processes and sensitivities differ among biomes, based on expert opinion, we expect forests to exhibit the largest net effect of extremes due to their large carbon pools and fluxes, potentially large indirect and lagged impacts, and long recovery time to regain previous stocks. At the global scale, we presume that droughts have the strongest and most widespread effects on terrestrial carbon cycling. Comparing impacts of climate extremes identified via remote sensing vs. ground-based observational case studies reveals that many regions in the (sub-)tropics are understudied. Hence, regional investigations are needed to allow a global upscaling of the impacts of climate extremes on global carbon–climate feedbacks. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4676934 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-46769342015-12-20 Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts Frank, Dorothea Reichstein, Markus Bahn, Michael Thonicke, Kirsten Frank, David Mahecha, Miguel D Smith, Pete van der Velde, Marijn Vicca, Sara Babst, Flurin Beer, Christian Buchmann, Nina Canadell, Josep G Ciais, Philippe Cramer, Wolfgang Ibrom, Andreas Miglietta, Franco Poulter, Ben Rammig, Anja Seneviratne, Sonia I Walz, Ariane Wattenbach, Martin Zavala, Miguel A Zscheischler, Jakob Glob Chang Biol Research Reviews Extreme droughts, heat waves, frosts, precipitation, wind storms and other climate extremes may impact the structure, composition and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, and thus carbon cycling and its feedbacks to the climate system. Yet, the interconnected avenues through which climate extremes drive ecological and physiological processes and alter the carbon balance are poorly understood. Here, we review the literature on carbon cycle relevant responses of ecosystems to extreme climatic events. Given that impacts of climate extremes are considered disturbances, we assume the respective general disturbance-induced mechanisms and processes to also operate in an extreme context. The paucity of well-defined studies currently renders a quantitative meta-analysis impossible, but permits us to develop a deductive framework for identifying the main mechanisms (and coupling thereof) through which climate extremes may act on the carbon cycle. We find that ecosystem responses can exceed the duration of the climate impacts via lagged effects on the carbon cycle. The expected regional impacts of future climate extremes will depend on changes in the probability and severity of their occurrence, on the compound effects and timing of different climate extremes, and on the vulnerability of each land-cover type modulated by management. Although processes and sensitivities differ among biomes, based on expert opinion, we expect forests to exhibit the largest net effect of extremes due to their large carbon pools and fluxes, potentially large indirect and lagged impacts, and long recovery time to regain previous stocks. At the global scale, we presume that droughts have the strongest and most widespread effects on terrestrial carbon cycling. Comparing impacts of climate extremes identified via remote sensing vs. ground-based observational case studies reveals that many regions in the (sub-)tropics are understudied. Hence, regional investigations are needed to allow a global upscaling of the impacts of climate extremes on global carbon–climate feedbacks. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2015-08 2015-05-12 /pmc/articles/PMC4676934/ /pubmed/25752680 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12916 Text en © 2015 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research Reviews Frank, Dorothea Reichstein, Markus Bahn, Michael Thonicke, Kirsten Frank, David Mahecha, Miguel D Smith, Pete van der Velde, Marijn Vicca, Sara Babst, Flurin Beer, Christian Buchmann, Nina Canadell, Josep G Ciais, Philippe Cramer, Wolfgang Ibrom, Andreas Miglietta, Franco Poulter, Ben Rammig, Anja Seneviratne, Sonia I Walz, Ariane Wattenbach, Martin Zavala, Miguel A Zscheischler, Jakob Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts |
title | Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts |
title_full | Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts |
title_fullStr | Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts |
title_full_unstemmed | Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts |
title_short | Effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts |
title_sort | effects of climate extremes on the terrestrial carbon cycle: concepts, processes and potential future impacts |
topic | Research Reviews |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4676934/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25752680 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12916 |
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