Regiospecific Hetero-Assembly of DNA-Functionalized Plasmonic Upconversion Superstructures

[Image: see text] We report a novel strategy for regiospecific hetero-assembly of DNA-modified gold nanoparticles (DNA-AuNPs) onto upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) into hybrid lab-on-a-particle systems. The DNA-AuNPs have been assembled onto the hexagonal plate-like UCNPs with well-regulated stoichiometry and controlled organization onto the different facets of UCNP, forming various addressable superstructures. The fine-tuning of stoichiometry and organization is realized by biorecognition specificity of DNA toward specific crystal facets of UCNPs. Such a hetero-assembled DNA-AuNP/UCNP system maintains both plasmonic resonance of AuNPs and fluorescent properties of UCNPs, allowing targeted dual-modality imaging of cancer cells using an aptamer.