Assessment of the Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Occurrence in Copper Sulfates and the Influential Role of PCB Levels on Grapes

Copper sulfates (CuSO(4)) are widely used as the primary component of fungicides in the grape industry. The agricultural-grade CuSO(4) that we collected from Chinese nationwide markets were found to be contaminated by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (Σ(19)PCBs: 0.32~9.51 ng/g). In the following research, we studied the impact of CuSO(4) application on PCB levels in grape products through a field experiment, and conducted a national survey to speculate the role that CuSO(4) played on the occurrence of PCB in grapes. In the field experiment, an obvious increase of PCBs in grape leaves (from 174 to 250 pg/g fw) was observed after Bordeaux mixture (the main component of which is CuSO(4)) application. As to the main PCB congener in CuSO(4), the most toxic CB 126 (toxic equivalency factor = 0.1) also increased in grape peels (from 1.66 to 2.93 pg/g fw) after pesticide spray. Both the correlation study and the principal component analysis indicated that environmental factors were dominant PCB contributors to grapes, and grapes from e-waste dismantling area containing the highest PCBs also proved the notion. It is worth noting that this report describes the first research examining PCBs in CuSO(4) and its influence on agricultural products to date.