Cargando…
Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks
Inflammatory cascades and mechanisms are ubiquitous during host responses to various types of insult. Biological models and interventional strategies have been devised as an effort to better understand and modulate inflammation-driven injuries. Amongst those the two-hit model stands as a plausible a...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
2015
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4684872/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26770993 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/697193 |
_version_ | 1782406222535720960 |
---|---|
author | Morris, Carlos F. M. Tahir, Muhammad Arshid, Samina Castro, Mariana S. Fontes, Wagner |
author_facet | Morris, Carlos F. M. Tahir, Muhammad Arshid, Samina Castro, Mariana S. Fontes, Wagner |
author_sort | Morris, Carlos F. M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Inflammatory cascades and mechanisms are ubiquitous during host responses to various types of insult. Biological models and interventional strategies have been devised as an effort to better understand and modulate inflammation-driven injuries. Amongst those the two-hit model stands as a plausible and intuitive framework that explains some of the most frequent clinical outcomes seen in injuries like trauma and sepsis. This model states that a first hit serves as a priming event upon which sequential insults can build on, culminating on maladaptive inflammatory responses. On a different front, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has risen to light as a readily applicable tool for modulating the inflammatory response to ischemia and reperfusion. The idea is that mild ischemic insults, either remote or local, can cause organs and tissues to be more resilient to further ischemic insults. This seemingly contradictory role that the two models attribute to a first inflammatory hit, as priming in the former and protective in the latter, has set these two theories on opposing corners of the literature. The present review tries to reconcile both models by showing that, rather than debunking each other, each framework offers unique insights in understanding and modulating inflammation-related injuries. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4684872 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | Hindawi Publishing Corporation |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-46848722016-01-14 Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks Morris, Carlos F. M. Tahir, Muhammad Arshid, Samina Castro, Mariana S. Fontes, Wagner J Immunol Res Review Article Inflammatory cascades and mechanisms are ubiquitous during host responses to various types of insult. Biological models and interventional strategies have been devised as an effort to better understand and modulate inflammation-driven injuries. Amongst those the two-hit model stands as a plausible and intuitive framework that explains some of the most frequent clinical outcomes seen in injuries like trauma and sepsis. This model states that a first hit serves as a priming event upon which sequential insults can build on, culminating on maladaptive inflammatory responses. On a different front, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has risen to light as a readily applicable tool for modulating the inflammatory response to ischemia and reperfusion. The idea is that mild ischemic insults, either remote or local, can cause organs and tissues to be more resilient to further ischemic insults. This seemingly contradictory role that the two models attribute to a first inflammatory hit, as priming in the former and protective in the latter, has set these two theories on opposing corners of the literature. The present review tries to reconcile both models by showing that, rather than debunking each other, each framework offers unique insights in understanding and modulating inflammation-related injuries. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2015 2015-12-06 /pmc/articles/PMC4684872/ /pubmed/26770993 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/697193 Text en Copyright © 2015 Carlos F. M. Morris et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Morris, Carlos F. M. Tahir, Muhammad Arshid, Samina Castro, Mariana S. Fontes, Wagner Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks |
title | Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks |
title_full | Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks |
title_fullStr | Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks |
title_full_unstemmed | Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks |
title_short | Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks |
title_sort | reconciling the ipc and two-hit models: dissecting the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of two seemingly opposing frameworks |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4684872/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26770993 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/697193 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT morriscarlosfm reconcilingtheipcandtwohitmodelsdissectingtheunderlyingcellularandmolecularmechanismsoftwoseeminglyopposingframeworks AT tahirmuhammad reconcilingtheipcandtwohitmodelsdissectingtheunderlyingcellularandmolecularmechanismsoftwoseeminglyopposingframeworks AT arshidsamina reconcilingtheipcandtwohitmodelsdissectingtheunderlyingcellularandmolecularmechanismsoftwoseeminglyopposingframeworks AT castromarianas reconcilingtheipcandtwohitmodelsdissectingtheunderlyingcellularandmolecularmechanismsoftwoseeminglyopposingframeworks AT fonteswagner reconcilingtheipcandtwohitmodelsdissectingtheunderlyingcellularandmolecularmechanismsoftwoseeminglyopposingframeworks |