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Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks

Inflammatory cascades and mechanisms are ubiquitous during host responses to various types of insult. Biological models and interventional strategies have been devised as an effort to better understand and modulate inflammation-driven injuries. Amongst those the two-hit model stands as a plausible a...

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Autores principales: Morris, Carlos F. M., Tahir, Muhammad, Arshid, Samina, Castro, Mariana S., Fontes, Wagner
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4684872/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26770993
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/697193
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author Morris, Carlos F. M.
Tahir, Muhammad
Arshid, Samina
Castro, Mariana S.
Fontes, Wagner
author_facet Morris, Carlos F. M.
Tahir, Muhammad
Arshid, Samina
Castro, Mariana S.
Fontes, Wagner
author_sort Morris, Carlos F. M.
collection PubMed
description Inflammatory cascades and mechanisms are ubiquitous during host responses to various types of insult. Biological models and interventional strategies have been devised as an effort to better understand and modulate inflammation-driven injuries. Amongst those the two-hit model stands as a plausible and intuitive framework that explains some of the most frequent clinical outcomes seen in injuries like trauma and sepsis. This model states that a first hit serves as a priming event upon which sequential insults can build on, culminating on maladaptive inflammatory responses. On a different front, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has risen to light as a readily applicable tool for modulating the inflammatory response to ischemia and reperfusion. The idea is that mild ischemic insults, either remote or local, can cause organs and tissues to be more resilient to further ischemic insults. This seemingly contradictory role that the two models attribute to a first inflammatory hit, as priming in the former and protective in the latter, has set these two theories on opposing corners of the literature. The present review tries to reconcile both models by showing that, rather than debunking each other, each framework offers unique insights in understanding and modulating inflammation-related injuries.
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spelling pubmed-46848722016-01-14 Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks Morris, Carlos F. M. Tahir, Muhammad Arshid, Samina Castro, Mariana S. Fontes, Wagner J Immunol Res Review Article Inflammatory cascades and mechanisms are ubiquitous during host responses to various types of insult. Biological models and interventional strategies have been devised as an effort to better understand and modulate inflammation-driven injuries. Amongst those the two-hit model stands as a plausible and intuitive framework that explains some of the most frequent clinical outcomes seen in injuries like trauma and sepsis. This model states that a first hit serves as a priming event upon which sequential insults can build on, culminating on maladaptive inflammatory responses. On a different front, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has risen to light as a readily applicable tool for modulating the inflammatory response to ischemia and reperfusion. The idea is that mild ischemic insults, either remote or local, can cause organs and tissues to be more resilient to further ischemic insults. This seemingly contradictory role that the two models attribute to a first inflammatory hit, as priming in the former and protective in the latter, has set these two theories on opposing corners of the literature. The present review tries to reconcile both models by showing that, rather than debunking each other, each framework offers unique insights in understanding and modulating inflammation-related injuries. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2015 2015-12-06 /pmc/articles/PMC4684872/ /pubmed/26770993 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/697193 Text en Copyright © 2015 Carlos F. M. Morris et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Review Article
Morris, Carlos F. M.
Tahir, Muhammad
Arshid, Samina
Castro, Mariana S.
Fontes, Wagner
Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks
title Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks
title_full Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks
title_fullStr Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks
title_full_unstemmed Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks
title_short Reconciling the IPC and Two-Hit Models: Dissecting the Underlying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Two Seemingly Opposing Frameworks
title_sort reconciling the ipc and two-hit models: dissecting the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of two seemingly opposing frameworks
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4684872/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26770993
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/697193
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