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Primary Phenomenon in the Network Formation of Endothelial Cells: Effect of Charge
Blood vessels are essential organs that are involved in the supply of nutrients and oxygen and play an important role in regulating the body’s internal environment, including pH, body temperature, and water homeostasis. Many studies have examined the formation of networks of endothelial cells. The r...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2015
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4691096/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26690133 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226149 |
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author | Arai, Shunto |
author_facet | Arai, Shunto |
author_sort | Arai, Shunto |
collection | PubMed |
description | Blood vessels are essential organs that are involved in the supply of nutrients and oxygen and play an important role in regulating the body’s internal environment, including pH, body temperature, and water homeostasis. Many studies have examined the formation of networks of endothelial cells. The results of these studies have revealed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) affects the interactions of these cells and modulates the network structure. Though almost all previous simulation studies have assumed that the chemoattractant VEGF is present before network formation, vascular endothelial cells secrete VEGF only after the cells bind to the substrate. This suggests VEGF is not essential for vasculogenesis especially at the early stage. Using a simple experiment, we find chain-like structures which last quite longer than it is expected, unless the energetically stable cluster should be compact. Using a purely physical model and simulation, we find that the hydrodynamic interaction retard the compaction of clusters and that the chains are stabilized through the effects of charge. The charge at the surface of the cells affect the interparticle potential, and the resulting repulsive forces prevent the chains from folding. The ions surrounding the cells may also be involved in this process. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4691096 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-46910962016-01-06 Primary Phenomenon in the Network Formation of Endothelial Cells: Effect of Charge Arai, Shunto Int J Mol Sci Article Blood vessels are essential organs that are involved in the supply of nutrients and oxygen and play an important role in regulating the body’s internal environment, including pH, body temperature, and water homeostasis. Many studies have examined the formation of networks of endothelial cells. The results of these studies have revealed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) affects the interactions of these cells and modulates the network structure. Though almost all previous simulation studies have assumed that the chemoattractant VEGF is present before network formation, vascular endothelial cells secrete VEGF only after the cells bind to the substrate. This suggests VEGF is not essential for vasculogenesis especially at the early stage. Using a simple experiment, we find chain-like structures which last quite longer than it is expected, unless the energetically stable cluster should be compact. Using a purely physical model and simulation, we find that the hydrodynamic interaction retard the compaction of clusters and that the chains are stabilized through the effects of charge. The charge at the surface of the cells affect the interparticle potential, and the resulting repulsive forces prevent the chains from folding. The ions surrounding the cells may also be involved in this process. MDPI 2015-12-07 /pmc/articles/PMC4691096/ /pubmed/26690133 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226149 Text en © 2015 by the author; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Arai, Shunto Primary Phenomenon in the Network Formation of Endothelial Cells: Effect of Charge |
title | Primary Phenomenon in the Network Formation of Endothelial Cells: Effect of Charge |
title_full | Primary Phenomenon in the Network Formation of Endothelial Cells: Effect of Charge |
title_fullStr | Primary Phenomenon in the Network Formation of Endothelial Cells: Effect of Charge |
title_full_unstemmed | Primary Phenomenon in the Network Formation of Endothelial Cells: Effect of Charge |
title_short | Primary Phenomenon in the Network Formation of Endothelial Cells: Effect of Charge |
title_sort | primary phenomenon in the network formation of endothelial cells: effect of charge |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4691096/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26690133 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226149 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT araishunto primaryphenomenoninthenetworkformationofendothelialcellseffectofcharge |