Social distribution of diabetes, hypertension and related risk factors in Barbados: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of diabetes, hypertension and related behavioural and biological risk factors in adults in Barbados by gender, education and occupation. DESIGN: Multistage probability sampling was used to select a representative sample of the adult population (≥25 years). Par...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Howitt, Christina, Hambleton, Ian R, Rose, Angela M C, Hennis, Anselm, Samuels, T Alafia, George, Kenneth S, Unwin, Nigel
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BMJ Publishing Group 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4691788/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26685026
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008869
_version_ 1782407197416751104
author Howitt, Christina
Hambleton, Ian R
Rose, Angela M C
Hennis, Anselm
Samuels, T Alafia
George, Kenneth S
Unwin, Nigel
author_facet Howitt, Christina
Hambleton, Ian R
Rose, Angela M C
Hennis, Anselm
Samuels, T Alafia
George, Kenneth S
Unwin, Nigel
author_sort Howitt, Christina
collection PubMed
description OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of diabetes, hypertension and related behavioural and biological risk factors in adults in Barbados by gender, education and occupation. DESIGN: Multistage probability sampling was used to select a representative sample of the adult population (≥25 years). Participants were interviewed using standard questionnaires, underwent anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, and provided fasting blood for glucose and cholesterol measurements. Standard WHO definitions were used. Data were weighted for sampling and non-response, and were age and sex standardised to the 2010 Barbados population. Weighted prevalence estimates were calculated, and prevalence ratios were calculated for behavioural and biological risk factors by demographic and socioeconomic group. RESULTS: Study response rate was 55.0%, with 764 women, 470 men. Prevalence of obesity was 33.8% (95% CI 30.7% to 37.1%); hypertension 40.6% (95% CI 36.5% to 44.9%); and diabetes 18.7% (95% CI 16.2% to 21.4%). Compared with women, men were less likely to be obese (prevalence ratio 0.5; 95% CI 0.4 to 0.7), or physically inactive (0.5; 0.4 to 0.6), but more likely to smoke tobacco (4.1; 2.5 to 6.7) and consume large amounts of alcohol in a single episode (4.6; 2.7 to 7.6). Both diabetes (0.83; 0.65 to 1.05) and hypertension (0.89; 0.79 to 1.02) were lower in men, but not significantly so. In women, higher educational level was related to higher fruit and vegetable intake, more physical activity, less diabetes and less hypercholesterolaemia (p 0.01–0.04). In men, higher education was related only to less smoking (p 0.04). Differences by occupation were limited to smoking in men and hypercholesterolaemia in women. CONCLUSIONS: In this developing country population, sex appears to be a much stronger determinant of behavioural risk factors, as well as obesity and its related risks, than education or occupation. These findings have implications for meeting the commitments made in the 2011 Rio Political Declaration, to eliminate health inequities.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-4691788
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2015
publisher BMJ Publishing Group
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-46917882015-12-30 Social distribution of diabetes, hypertension and related risk factors in Barbados: a cross-sectional study Howitt, Christina Hambleton, Ian R Rose, Angela M C Hennis, Anselm Samuels, T Alafia George, Kenneth S Unwin, Nigel BMJ Open Epidemiology OBJECTIVE: To describe the distribution of diabetes, hypertension and related behavioural and biological risk factors in adults in Barbados by gender, education and occupation. DESIGN: Multistage probability sampling was used to select a representative sample of the adult population (≥25 years). Participants were interviewed using standard questionnaires, underwent anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, and provided fasting blood for glucose and cholesterol measurements. Standard WHO definitions were used. Data were weighted for sampling and non-response, and were age and sex standardised to the 2010 Barbados population. Weighted prevalence estimates were calculated, and prevalence ratios were calculated for behavioural and biological risk factors by demographic and socioeconomic group. RESULTS: Study response rate was 55.0%, with 764 women, 470 men. Prevalence of obesity was 33.8% (95% CI 30.7% to 37.1%); hypertension 40.6% (95% CI 36.5% to 44.9%); and diabetes 18.7% (95% CI 16.2% to 21.4%). Compared with women, men were less likely to be obese (prevalence ratio 0.5; 95% CI 0.4 to 0.7), or physically inactive (0.5; 0.4 to 0.6), but more likely to smoke tobacco (4.1; 2.5 to 6.7) and consume large amounts of alcohol in a single episode (4.6; 2.7 to 7.6). Both diabetes (0.83; 0.65 to 1.05) and hypertension (0.89; 0.79 to 1.02) were lower in men, but not significantly so. In women, higher educational level was related to higher fruit and vegetable intake, more physical activity, less diabetes and less hypercholesterolaemia (p 0.01–0.04). In men, higher education was related only to less smoking (p 0.04). Differences by occupation were limited to smoking in men and hypercholesterolaemia in women. CONCLUSIONS: In this developing country population, sex appears to be a much stronger determinant of behavioural risk factors, as well as obesity and its related risks, than education or occupation. These findings have implications for meeting the commitments made in the 2011 Rio Political Declaration, to eliminate health inequities. BMJ Publishing Group 2015-12-18 /pmc/articles/PMC4691788/ /pubmed/26685026 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008869 Text en Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/ This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
spellingShingle Epidemiology
Howitt, Christina
Hambleton, Ian R
Rose, Angela M C
Hennis, Anselm
Samuels, T Alafia
George, Kenneth S
Unwin, Nigel
Social distribution of diabetes, hypertension and related risk factors in Barbados: a cross-sectional study
title Social distribution of diabetes, hypertension and related risk factors in Barbados: a cross-sectional study
title_full Social distribution of diabetes, hypertension and related risk factors in Barbados: a cross-sectional study
title_fullStr Social distribution of diabetes, hypertension and related risk factors in Barbados: a cross-sectional study
title_full_unstemmed Social distribution of diabetes, hypertension and related risk factors in Barbados: a cross-sectional study
title_short Social distribution of diabetes, hypertension and related risk factors in Barbados: a cross-sectional study
title_sort social distribution of diabetes, hypertension and related risk factors in barbados: a cross-sectional study
topic Epidemiology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4691788/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26685026
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008869
work_keys_str_mv AT howittchristina socialdistributionofdiabeteshypertensionandrelatedriskfactorsinbarbadosacrosssectionalstudy
AT hambletonianr socialdistributionofdiabeteshypertensionandrelatedriskfactorsinbarbadosacrosssectionalstudy
AT roseangelamc socialdistributionofdiabeteshypertensionandrelatedriskfactorsinbarbadosacrosssectionalstudy
AT hennisanselm socialdistributionofdiabeteshypertensionandrelatedriskfactorsinbarbadosacrosssectionalstudy
AT samuelstalafia socialdistributionofdiabeteshypertensionandrelatedriskfactorsinbarbadosacrosssectionalstudy
AT georgekenneths socialdistributionofdiabeteshypertensionandrelatedriskfactorsinbarbadosacrosssectionalstudy
AT unwinnigel socialdistributionofdiabeteshypertensionandrelatedriskfactorsinbarbadosacrosssectionalstudy