Effects of the Particulate Matter(2.5) (PM(2.5)) on Lipoprotein Metabolism, Uptake and Degradation, and Embryo Toxicity

Particulate matter(2.5) (PM(2.5)) is notorious for its strong toxic effects on the cardiovascular, skin, nervous, and reproduction systems. However, the molecular mechanism by which PM(2.5) aggravates disease progression is poorly understood, especially in a water-soluble state. In the current study, we investigated the putative physiological effects of aqueous PM(2.5) solution on lipoprotein metabolism. Collected PM(2.5) from Seoul, Korea was dissolved in water, and the water extract (final 3 and 30 ppm) was treated to human serum lipoproteins, macrophages, and dermal cells. PM(2.5) extract resulted in degradation and aggregation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) as well as low-density lipoprotein (LDL); apoA-I in HDL aggregated and apo-B in LDL disappeared. PM(2.5) treatment (final 30 ppm) also induced cellular uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) into macrophages, especially in the presence of fructose (final 50 mM). Uptake of oxLDL along with production of reactive oxygen species was accelerated by PM(2.5) solution in a dose-dependent manner. Further, PM(2.5) solution caused cellular senescence in human dermal fibroblast cells. Microinjection of PM(2.5) solution into zebrafish embryos induced severe mortality accompanied by impairment of skeletal development. In conclusion, water extract of PM(2.5) induced oxidative stress as a precursor to cardiovascular toxicity, skin cell senescence, and embryonic toxicity via aggregation and proteolytic degradation of serum lipoproteins.