Transient Accumulation of NO(2) (-) and N(2)O during Denitrification Explained by Assuming Cell Diversification by Stochastic Transcription of Denitrification Genes

Denitrifying bacteria accumulate [Image: see text] , NO, and N(2)O, the amounts depending on transcriptional regulation of core denitrification genes in response to O(2)-limiting conditions. The genes include nar, nir, nor and nosZ, encoding [Image: see text] -, [Image: see text] -, NO- and N(2)O reductase, respectively. We previously constructed a dynamic model to simulate growth and respiration in batch cultures of Paracoccus denitrificans. The observed denitrification kinetics were adequately simulated by assuming a stochastic initiation of nir-transcription in each cell with an extremely low probability (0.5% h(-1)), leading to product- and substrate-induced transcription of nir and nor, respectively, via NO. Thus, the model predicted cell diversification: after O(2) depletion, only a small fraction was able to grow by reducing [Image: see text] . Here we have extended the model to simulate batch cultivation with [Image: see text] , i.e., [Image: see text] , NO, N(2)O, and N(2) kinetics, measured in a novel experiment including frequent measurements of [Image: see text] . Pa. denitrificans reduced practically all [Image: see text] to [Image: see text] before initiating gas production. The [Image: see text] production is adequately simulated by assuming stochastic nar-transcription, as that for nirS, but with a higher probability (0.035 h(-1)) and initiating at a higher O(2) concentration. Our model assumes that all cells express nosZ, thus predicting that a majority of cells have only N(2)O-reductase (A), while a minority (B) has [Image: see text] -, NO- and N(2)O-reductase. Population B has a higher cell-specific respiration rate than A because the latter can only use N(2)O produced by B. Thus, the ratio [Image: see text] is low immediately after O(2) depletion, but increases throughout the anoxic phase because B grows faster than A. As a result, the model predicts initially low but gradually increasing N(2)O concentration throughout the anoxic phase, as observed. The modelled cell diversification neatly explains the observed denitrification kinetics and transient intermediate accumulations. The result has major implications for understanding the relationship between genotype and phenotype in denitrification research.